. 2021 Mar 12;18(6):2907. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18062907

Table 8.

DFE, DOLS, and FMOLS results for the total sample (EU-27), subsample 1 (EU-15), subsample 2 (EU-12) regarding Equation (4).

Dependent: N₂O	Total Sample (EU 27)			Subsample 1 (EU 15)			Subsample 2 (EU 12)
Independent	DFE	DOLS	FMOLS	DFE	DOLS	FMOLS	DFE	DOLS	FMOLS
D.L. GDPpc	−0.4484 ***	−0.7971 ***	−0.5732 ***	−0.5189 **	−1.1725 **	−0.4877 ***	−0.2825	−0.9424 *	0.1910 **
D.L. GDPpc²	0.0791 **	0.0070	0.0560	0.1011 **	−0.0345	0.0994 **	0.0887 **	0.1085	−0.0101 **
D.L. LEdu	0.2400	1.9833 **	0.4336	1.7643	4.5508 ***	1.7466 ***	−0.5439	4.5412 ***	0.5945
D.L. Euse	−0.2060 **	0.5140 *	−0.2797 ***	−0.0066	−1.0901 *	−0.1214	−0.3595 ***	0.5059	−0.3873 ***
D.L. Elect	0.0069	−0.4192 ***	−0.0412	−0.0356	0.0190	−0.0269	−0.0298	−0.4630 **	−0.0402
Constant	1.6176	0.1849 *	0.0895	18.6430 **	0.6457 ***	0.0106	−0.3428	−0.1676	0.0940
ECT	−0.6707 ***			−0.7228 ***			−0.6468 ***
L. GDPpc (−1)	−1.3264 ***	0.0044	−0.0127	−0.9670 ***	−0.0131	−0.0043	−1.3908 ***	−0.0233	0.1175 ***
L. GDPpc² (−1)	−0.1041 ***	−0.0001	−0.0016	0.0237	0.0029 *	0.0014	0.1261 ***	−0.0028	−0.0052 ***
L. Ledu (−1)	1.8511 ***	−0.0027	−0.0070	2.9738 ***	−0.0023	0.0150	1.6360 **	0.0182	0.0786
L. Euse (−1)	−0.0470	−0.0305	−0.0015	−0.0981	−0.0051	−0.0238	0.0263	−0.0042	0.0107
L. Elect (−1)	−0.0332	0.0039	0.0032	−0.1214*	0.0027	−0.0033	−0.0206	0.0063	0.0301 **
Observations		270	269		150	149		120	119
R²		0.6077	0.2015		0.7391	0.2354		0.8963	0.3121

Notes: *, **, *** mean that values are statistically significant at 10%, 5% and 1%, respectively. D.L.—Differenced Lagged; —Lagged; ECT—Error Correction Term; Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE); Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS); Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS). The rest of the variables’ acronyms were defined in Table 1. Estimations of Equation (4).