Table 2.
Basic characteristics of women who gave birth to newborns with macrosomia > 4000 g.
| Mothers of Newborn 2500–4000 g (n = 755) |
Mothers of Newborn >4000 g (n = 97) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | Mean (SD)/Median or n (%) |
Mean (SD)/Median or n (%) |
p * |
| Continuous variables | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 33.5 (4.7)/35 | 34.4 (4.8)/35 | 0.120 |
| Maternal height (cm) | 166.4 (6.1)/167 | 169.2 (5.6)/170 | <0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (4.2)/22 | 26.2 (5.4)/25 | <0.001 |
| GWG (kg) | 13.5 (5.7)/13 | 15.7 (5.9)/15 | 0.001 |
| Categorial and dichotomous variables |
|||
| BMI categories | 0.001 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 40 (5.3%) | 4 (4.1%) | |
| Normal BMI (18.5–24.9) | 518 (68.6%) | 44 (45.4%) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 135 (17.9%) | 26 (26.8%) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 62 (8.2%) | 23 (23.7%) | |
| Prior fetal macrosomia | 13 (1.7%) | 13 (13.4%) | <0.001 |
| Primiparous women | 317 (42%) | 38 (39.2%) | 0.597 |
| Infertility treatment | 35 (4.6%) | 4 (4.1%) | 1 ** |
| Never smokers | 618 (81.9%) | 80 (82.5%) | 0.881 |
| Multivitamins supplementation | 441 (58.4%) | 58 (59.8%) | 0.795 |
| Family history: | |||
| Diabetes mellitus in the mother | 53 (7%) | 10 (10.3%) | 0.244 |
| Diabetes mellitus in the father | 88 (11.7%) | 16 (16.5%) | 0.171 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Birth weight (grams) | 3356.7 (359)/3390 | 4245.6 (193.2)/4200 | <0.001 |
| (range, grams) | (2510–4000) | (4010–5200) | |
| Fetal sex/son | 379 (50.2%) | 67 (69.1%) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.9 (1.3)/39 | 39.4 (1.1)/39 | 0.001 |
| (range, weeks) | (30–42) | (37–42) | |
| Cesarean section | 293 (38.8%) | 46 (47.4%) | 0.103 |
| APGAR score 5′ < 7 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.114 |
| GDM | 119 (15.8%) | 21 (21.6%) | 0.141 |
| GDM-2 (treated with insulin) | 16 (2.1%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.468 |
| Preeclampsia, PE | 10 (1.3%) | 1 (1%) | 1 ** |
* The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons of continuous variables, and the Pearson chi-square test (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) for binomial categories (p < 0.05 was assumed to be significant); ** The result of the Fisher’s exact test was included due to the small numbers (additionally, the differences between the group of cases and controls were very small). SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; APGAR: assessment of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.