Aβ	β-amyloid
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AMD1	S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
APP	amyloid precursor protein
AR	androgen receptor
ARF1	ADP-ribosylation factor 1
ARIC	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
BAK1	BCL2 antagonist killer 1
BC	breast cancer
BCAA	branched-chain amino acid
BCKD	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase
BMI	body mass index
BRCA1	breast cancer 1 protein
BTB	broad complex, tramtrack, and bric-a-brac
CAND1	cullin-associated and neddylation-dissociated 1
CASTOR1	cellular arginine sensor for mTORC1
CDKN1B	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
CMA	chaperone-mediated autophagy
CUL3	cullin 3
DBT	dihydrolipoamide branched-chain transacylase
DLBCL	diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
DMT2	diabetes mellitus type 2
DNMT	DNA methyltransferase
eIF4e	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
GAP	GTPase-activating protein
E2F1	E2F transcription factor 1
EMT	epithelial-mesenchymal transition
EPIC	European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
ER	estrogen receptor
ERBB2	ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
ERRα	estrogen-related receptor alpha
ER stress	endoplasmic reticulum stress
EV	extracellular vesicle
FBP	fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
FBXW7	F-box and WD40 domain protein 7
FOXO	forkhead box transcription factor
FTO	fat mass- and obesity-associated gene
GH	growth hormone
GHR	growth hormone receptor
GHRH	growth hormone releasing hormone
GSIS	glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HR	hazard ratio
HT	hydroxytryptamine
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IGF1R	IGF-1 receptor
IGFBP3	IGF binding protein 3
IRS1	insulin receptor substrate 1
KLHL22	Kelch-like 22
LAMP2A	lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A
LAT1	L-type amino acid transporter 1; SLC7A5
LCT	lactase gene
LKB1	serine/threonine protein kinase 11
LRS	leucyl-tRNA synthetase
MAPT	microtubule-associated protein tau
MDM2	mouse double minute 2 homolog
MEX	milk exosome
MFG	milk fat globule
MFG-E8	MFG EGF-factor 8
miR	micro-ribonucleic acid
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
mTORC1	mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NHANES	United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHL	non-Hodgkin lymphoma
NRF2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PCa	prostate cancer
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDCD4	programmed cell death 4
PI3K	phosphoinositide-3 kinase
PPARGC1A	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, PGC-1α
PR	progesterone receptor
PRKAA1	catalytic subunit α1 of AMPK
PRKAG2	regulatory subunit γ2 of AMPK
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog
PUMA	p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis; BBC3
RAG	Ras-related GTP-binding protein
Raptor	regulatory associated protein of mTOR
RHEB	Ras-homolog enriched in brain
SAMTOR	S-adenosylmethionine sensor upstream of mTOR
SESN2	sestrin 2
S6K1	ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70-KD, 1;
SLC3A2	solute carrier family 3, member 2
SLC7A5	solute carrier family member 5; LAT1
SNCA	synuclein, alpha
SREBF1	sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1
TAG	triacylglycerol
TP53	tumor protein p53
TSC2	tuberin
UHT	ultra-heat-treated
ULK1	unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
WHO	World Health Organization