Table 1.

The different electrochemical techniques used for sensing antibiotics.

Method	Principle	Limit of Detection	Applications
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy	Small-amplitude sinusoidal AC excitation signal is applied to measure the resistive properties	10−12 M	Study of antigen-antibodies reaction, corrosion, and electron transfer kinetics
Chronoamperometry	The stepped potential is applied and the current measured	10−5 M	Measure electrode process mechanism, working electrode surface area, and analytes diffusion coefficient
Stripping technique	Worked electrode carries the pre-concentrated analyte then analyte stripped by application of scan potential from the electrode	10−9 M	Detection of trace elements
Square wave voltammetry	Current is determined as a consequence of square wave potential superposed on staircase waveform	10−8 M	Detection of trace elements, the study of catalytic homogeneous chemical reactions, and electrode kinetics
Differential Pulse voltammetry	Current is determined as a function of applied voltage superposed as regular voltage pulses superposed on the potential linear sweep or stair steps	10−7 M	Detection of trace elements
Linear Sweep Voltammetry	Voltage is applied then the current measured on the working electrode surface	10−5 M	Determination of analytes concentrations, unknown reactions, and irreversible reactions
Cyclic Voltammetry	Voltage is applied then the current measured on the working electrode surface	10−5 M	Assessment of reaction products, trace reaction intermediates, and study redox reactions