Table 2.

Antibiotics electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials and their composites.

Electrode	Interface	Transduction Method	Antibiotics Detected	Limit of Detection (nM)	Selectivity	Real Samples	Ref.
Au	QD–cDNA2/cDNA1/ Cap-DNA	SWASV	Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin	20, 5, and 10, respectively	-	Milk	[23]
GCE	Dendritic probe encoded with magnetic aptamer QDs	SWV	chloramphenicol	0.001	Oxytetracycline and kanamycin	Fish	[37]
GCE	PoAP/GQD	LSV	Levofloxacin	10	Norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.	Milk	[57]
GCE	CdS QDs	DPASV	Ciprofloxacin	23	Gentamycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and ofloxacin,	Human urine	[56]
Au	Ce-MOF@COF	EIS	Oxytetracycline	0.000036	Kanamycin, streptomycin sulfate, doxycyclinehyclate, bleomycin, and ampicillin	Urine, water, and milk	[66]
GCE	Y-DNA-NMOF	SWV	Oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol	0.000049, and 0.000034, respectively	gentamicin sulfate, tetracycline, doxycycline, and kanamycin	Milk	[64]
GCE	NMOF Probe labeled with magnetic aptamer	SWV	Kanamycin and oxytetracycline	0.00016, and 0.00019, respectively	Gentamicin sulfate, doxycycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and Chlortetracycline	Milk	[36]
GCE	Aptamer-metal ions NMOF Biocodes	SWV	Chloramphenicol and kanamycin	0.00020, and 0.00017, respectively	metal ions (K, Ca, Mg), oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline	Milk	[63]
GCE	MIL-101(Cr)/XC-72	DPV	Chloramphenicol	1.6	Amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin, rutin, quercetin, penicillin, kanamycin, kitasamycin, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline	Milk, eye drop, and honey	[62]
Au	MMOF-MIP	LSV	Tetracycline	0.00000023	Doxycycline	Honey	[61]
GCE	CoFe2O4@CdSe capped with PVP	SWV	Rifampicin	0.00000005	Glucose, L-threonine, uric acid, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid	Pharmaceutical drug and serum	[79]
GCE	NiFe2O4-MWCNTs	CV	Cefixime	19	Ascorbic acid, glucose, tartaric acid, CO3−2, SO4−2, NH4+, and Ca+2	Plasma, urine, and tablets	[78]
CE	MMIP/CE	DPV and CV	Kanamycin	0.03	Erythromycin, streptomycin, and gentamycin	Milk and animal food derivatives	[77]
SPCE	MIP decorated Fe3O4 MNPs	EIS	Sulfamethoxazole	0.002	Sulfacetamide and sulfadiazine	Seawater	[76]
GCE	Aptamer/NP-PtTi/ Au@MWCNTs–Fe3O4	DPV	Streptomycin	0.02	Streptomycin, neomycin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, and terramycin	Milk	[73]
MBCPE	Fe3O4 NPs@OA/antiTET	EIS	Tetracycline	0.000004	Doxycycline and oxytetracycline	Serum, honey, milk, and drugs	[72]
SPE	Fe3O4/IL	CV	Tetracycline	1.00	-	Milk	[71]
Au	Ab-MNPs-chitosan	DPV	Tetracycline	0.08	Chloramphenicol, penicillin, gentamycin, and erythromycin	Milk	[41]
GCE	TH-GS/GA/ Ag@Fe3O4-Ab	SWV	Kanamycin	0.04	Neomycin, gentamicin, vitamin C, and glucose	Animal foods	[70]
GCE	Pt NPs/C	DPV	Tetracycline	4281	-	Human urine	[97]
GCE	Pt Nps/MWCNT	LSV	Ceftriaxone	9.02	Lidocaine	Human serum	[98]
GCE	MIP/Ag@Au Nps/Ils	DPV	Ceftizoxime	0.003	Dopamine and ascorbic acid	Pharmaceuticals	[95]
GCE	Fe3O4-CMC@Au	SWV	Chloramphenicol	67.00	Ca+2, glucose, xanthine, cysteine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid	Urine	[96]
CPE	GNPs/MWCPE	SWV	Cefixime	4.00	Caffeine, glucose, oxalic acid, uric acid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid,	Tablets and human urine	[93]
ME	gold colloids	CV	Tetracycline	200	-	-	[94]
SPCE	Tyr-AuNPs	Amperometric	Sulfamethoxazole	22 × 103	-	Water	[91]
Graphite SPE	HEM/Apt/AuNPs/ SBA-15@ DABCO	DPV	Chloramphenicol	5.00	Florfenicol, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefixime	Blood serum	[89]
Interdigitated Au SPE	Aptamer/AuNCs-Cys	SWV	Chloramphenicol	5.00	Florfenicol, amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefixime, and chloramphenicol	Human serum	[89]
GCE	MB/Anti-TET/AuNps	CV	Tetracycline	0.005	Gentamycin sulfate, kanamycin monosulfate, and oxytetracycline hydrochloride	Milk	[87]
MIP/NPAMR	MIP/NPAMR	CV	Metronidazole	0.00003	Dimetridazole, 4 -nitroimidazole, and 1,2 dimethylimidazole	Tablets and fish tissues	[86]
SPE	Aptamer/poly-DPB/ AuNPs	LSV	Kanamycin	9.5	Sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and neomycin	Milk	[83]
GCE	AuNPs/poly TTBA/ PS/aptamer/AuNPs	DPV	Daunomycin	0.053	Adriamycin, anthraquinone, neomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline	Human urine	[82]
GCE	SGN-hematein/ILs/ penicillinase	DPV	Penicillin	0.0002	Levofloxacin hydrochloride, streptomycin sulfate, and Kanamycin sulfate,	Milk	[44,105]
GCE	Au/N-G	EIS and LSV	Chloramphenicol	591.0	Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, and Metronidazole	Eye drop	[103]
GCE	Graphene	LSV	Midecamycin	101.0	Isovalerylspiramycin, acetylspiramycin, josamycin, and Kitasamycin	Urine and serum samples	[113]
GCE	Au/C3N4/GN	SWV	Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol	421.0 and 28.0	-	Milk	[43]
GCE	Anti-Kan/WGS/PBCTS/NPG	SWV	Kanamycin	0.014	Neamine, neomycin, and gentamicin	Pork meat	[40]
GCE	β-cyclodextrin/rGO	DPV	Gatifloxacin	21.0	Norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin	Pharmaceuticals, and human urine	[112]
GCE	PoAP/GQD	DPV	Levofloxacin	11.0	Norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin	Milk	[57]
GCE	Cl-RGO	DPV	Chloramphenicol	1000	Tetracycline, Erythromycin, penicillin G, and cysteine	Eye drops, water, calf plasma, and milk	[110]
GCE	CO3O4@rGO	Chronoamperometry and DPV	Chloramphenicol	551.0	glutathione, cysteine, and uric acid	Honey and milk	[108]
GCE	GO/ZnO	DPV	Chloramphenicol	11.0	4-amino phenol, 4-nitro phenol, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitrobenzene, Cl-, and Ca+2	Eye drops, milk, and honey	[109]
GCE	PPy3C/ERGO	DPV	Streptomycin	0.6	Gentamycin, kanamycin, amikacin, neomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin	Honey and porcine kidney	[110]
GCE	3D RGO	DPV	Chloramphenicol	151.0	uric acid, cysteine, taurine, and glutathione	Milk and eye drops	[107]
GCE	MIP/G-AuNPs	DPV	Levofloxacin	531.0	Norfloxacin, prulifloxacin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline	Levofloxacin capsule	[106]
GCE	Aptamer/HNP–PtCu/ GR-TH/GCE	DPV	Kanamycin	0.0009	Human chorionic gonadotropin, tyrosine, dopamine, TSH hormone.	Chicken liver and pork meat	[104]
GCE	Au-Pt Nps/MWCNT	LSV	Cefotaxime	1.0	Glucose, dopamine, and ascorbic acid	Plasma	[124]
Au	ssDNA/SWCNT	SWV	Levofloxacin	75.0	-	Urine	[117]
GCE	3DCNTs@ Cu NPs@MIP	CV	Chloramphenicol	10 × 103	Florfenicol, clindamycin, Dansyl chloride, and thiamphenicol	Milk	[125]
Au	MIPs/GR-MWCNTs/ CS-SNP	Amperometry, and CV	Neomycin	7.65	Erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamycin	Honey and milk	[123]
GCE	MWCNT-GNPs/MIP	CV	Tetracycline	91.0	Chloramphenicol, nafcillin, and oxytetracycline	-	[122]
Au	ssDNA/AuNPs/en/ MWCNTs	CV	Valrubicin	19.0	K+, paracetamol, Na+, glucose, urea, azithromycin, ascorbic acid, and Caffeine	Blood and human urine	[121]
GCE	MWCNT-CTAB-PDPA	Stripping DPV	Chloramphenicol	3.0	Streptomycin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftizoxime	Honey and milk	[127]
Paraffin	MWCNT-Sb Nps	DPV	Trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole	32.0 and 25.0	Carbaryl, and 17β Estradiol	Natural H2O	[126]
GCE	AgNPs/MWCNTsCOOH	DPV	Adriamycin	1.80	-	Ct-DNA	[120]
GCE	Anti-TET/GA/(CS-PBGR)2/MWCNTs-CS	DPV	Tetracycline	0.006	Gentamycin sulfate, kanamycinmonosulfate, and oxytetracycline	Milk	[119]
GCE	Anti-TET/MWCNTs	DPV	Tetracycline	6.0	Doxycycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline	Milk	[118]
GCE	Si–Fe/NOMC/GCE	DPV	Chloramphenicol	31.0	Florfenicol, benzylpenicillin potassium, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate, and thiamphenicol	Eye drop	[129]
GCE	CS @MnO2	DPV	Chlortetracycline	261.0	Rifampicin, Oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol	Fish, shrimp, and milk	[130]
GCE	CB-DHP	SWV	Amoxicillin	121.0	Humic acid, vermicompost, albumin, glucose, K+, and Na+	Water and urine	[132]
SPE	CdS-KAP+ PbS-STP/ cKAP+ cSTP/OMCAuNPs/CNF	DPV	Streptomycin and kanamycin	0.05 and 0.09	Oxytetracycline, tobramycin, neomycin, and gentamycin	Milk	[35]
GCE	Aptamer/ SnOx@TiO2@mC	EIS	Tobramycin	0.02	Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and Kanamycin	Human serum and urine	[133]
GCE	Aptamer/Fe3O4@mC	EIS	Oxytetracycline	0.00006	Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline	Milk	[134]
GCE	Nanodiamonds	SWV	Pyrazinamide	221.0	-	Human serum and urine	[135]
GCE	STR Aptamer/GRFe3O4-AuNPs/PCNR	DPV	Streptomycin	0.05	Glucose, methionine, ascorbic acid, and penicillin	Milk	[136]