Table 2.
Summary of published case reports of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and PLE associated with excessive cow’s milk intake.
| References | Number of Cases Child Age |
Symptoms | Amount of Cow’s Milk Per Day | Hemoglobin g/dL |
Total Protein g/dL |
Albumin g/dL |
Cow’s Milk Elimination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lundstrom et al. [23] 1983 |
8 patients: 8–24 months |
edema | no data | 2.0–7.6 | 3–4.8 | no data | no |
| Hamrick [22] 1994 |
19 months | pallor, edema (facial, periorbital, extremities) | >830 mL | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.8 | yes |
| Bondi et al. [26] 2009 |
19 months 24 months |
pallor mild fever, edema (feet, knee), pica (soil) |
1400 mL 1800 mL |
2.3 10.3 |
no data | no data | no data |
| Vogelaar et al. [6] 2014 |
13 months | edema (periorbital, abdominal, bilateral lower extremity), alternating diarrhea and constipation | 1300–1600 mL | 7 | 2.7 | 1.4 | no (only minimized intake) |
| Yasuda et al. [1] 2018 |
20 months | pallor, edema (periorbital, bilateral lower extremity, abdominal), diarrhea (5–6 loose to watery stools per day) | >800 mL | 6.4 | 3.0 | 1.6 | yes |
| Mantadakis et al. [2] 2018 |
13 months | pallor, edema (periorbital, bilateral lower extremity), fatigue, irritability | >1200 mL | 3.8 | no data | 2 | no (only minimized intake) |
| Carbonell et al. [27] 2019 |
22 months | pallor, edema (periorbital, lower extremities), fever, dark stool, atopic dermatitis | 480–720 mL | 5.1 | no data | 2.1 | yes |
| Kamzan et al. [24] 2020 |
15 months | pallor, edema (periorbital) | >900 mL | 3.9 | 3.3 | 1.9 | no (only minimized intake) |
| Tracy et al. [28] 2020 |
7 patients: 14–27 months |
edema (periorbital), abdominal distension, pallor | 730–2120 mL | 4–8 | no data | 1.5–2.5 | yes |