Table 4.
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel.
| Pre | d (95% CI) | Day 45 | d (95% CI) | Day 90 | d (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Protein (g/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 7.15 ± 0.36 | 0.59(−0.57, 0.17) | 7.14 ± 0.40 | 0.00(−0.38, 0.37) | 7.12 ± 0.36 | 0.06(−0.36, 0.39) | 0.2638 |
| PLA | 7.35 ± 0.32 | 7.14 ± 0.36 | 7.10 ± 0.37 | ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 4.77 ± 0.24 | 0.30(−0.36, 0.21) | 4.73 ± 0.30 | 0.64(−0.43, 0.14) | 4.68 ± 0.27 | 0.28(−0.20, 0.37) | 0.1068 |
| PLA | 4.84 ± 0.22 | 4.90 ± 0.23 | 4.60 ± 0.31 | ||||
| Globulin (g/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 2.38 ± 0.29 | 0.39(−0.47, 0.21) | 2.40 ± 0.27 | 0.48(−0.20, 0.48) | 2.43 ± 0.31 | 0.21(−0.41, 0.27) | 0.0935 |
| PLA | 2.51 ± 0.37 | 2.24 ± 0.39 | 2.50 ± 0.36 | ||||
| ALB: GLOB (U/L) | |||||||
| BHB | 2.03 ± 0.31 | 0.19(−0.30, 0.41) | 2.01 ± 0.26 | 0.66(−0.59, 0.12) | 1.96 ± 0.29 | 0.25(−0.28, 0.43) | 0.0444 ** |
| PLA | 1.97 ± 0.31 | 2.27 ± 0.49 | 1.88 ± 0.36 | ||||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.37(−0.13, 0.26) | 0.50 ± 0.19 | 0.50(−0.08, 0.32) | 0.41 ± 0.11 | 0.26(−0.15, 0.25) | 0.6286 |
| PLA | 0.36 ± 0.20 | 0.40 ± 0.21 | 0.36 ± 0.25 | ||||
| Alkaline Phosphate (U/L) | |||||||
| BHB | 242.58 ± 91.52 | 0.84(−21.27, 173.40) | 241.00 ± 86.64 | 0.67(−34.16, 160.6) | 250.67 ± 97.95 | 0.99(−4.49, 190.2) | 0.1283 |
| PLA | 166.50 ± 90.43 | 176.78 ± 104.35 | 157.80 ± 89.02 | ||||
| AST (U/L) | |||||||
| BHB | 20.67 ± 6.26 | 0.32(−15.15, 4.69) | 19.83 ± 4.84 | 0.36(−8.39, 11.45) | 19.17 ± 5.95 | 0.29(−8.45, 11.39) | 0.2306 |
| PLA | 25.90 ± 22.01 | 18.11 ± 4.73 | 17.70 ± 4.08 | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | |||||||
| BHB | 14.58 ± 3.23 | 0.01(−5.92, 6.09) | 13.25 ± 1.82 | 1.30(−3.16, 8.86) | 12.83 ± 2.48 | 1.32(−2.37, 9.64) | 0.4695 |
| PLA | 14.50 ± 14.05 | 10.44 ± 2.46 | 9.20 ± 3.01 | ||||
| BUN (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 14.17 ± 3.49 | 1.06(−0.43, 6.97) | 13.92 ± 4.27 | 0.85(−0.48, 6.92) | 13.92 ± 4.27 | 1.04(0.42, 7.82) | 0.7229 |
| PLA | 10.90 ± 2.64 | 11.00 ± 2.35 | 9.8 ± 3.61 | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 0.75 ± 0.13 | 0.00(−0.14, 0.14) | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.70(−0.06, 0.22) | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.00(−0.14, 0.14) | 0.0037 ** |
| PLA | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.11 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | ||||
| BUN:Creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 19.58 ± 6.17 | 0.92(−2.39, 11.96) | 20.25 ± 8.88 | 0.28(−4.32,10.02) | 19.67 ± 8.49 | 0.89(−0.81, 13.54) | 0.1816 |
| PLA | 14.80 ± 4.06 | 18.22 ± 5.36 | 13.30 ± 5.48 | ||||
| Sodium (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 140.17 ± 1.27 | 0.08(−1.94, 1.47) | 139.83 ± 1.85 | 0.10(−1.57, 1.84) | 139.75 ± 1.96 | 0.51(−0.65, 2.75) | 0.2786 |
| PLA | 140.40 ± 1.01 | 139.67 ± 1.22 | 138.70 ± 2.17 | ||||
| Potassium (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 3.90 ± 0.20 | 0.88(−0.47, 0.09) | 4.11 ± 0.19 | 0.50(−0.39, 0.17) | 4.18 ± 0.28 | 0.71(−0.55, 0.01) | 0.4095 |
| PLA | 4.09 ± 0.23 | 4.20 ± 0.17 | 4.45 ± 0.46 | ||||
| Chloride (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 102.08 ± 1.83 | 0.65(−2.06, 2.43) | 100.83 ± 2.44 | 0.23(−2.91, 1.56) | 101.33 ± 2.87 | 0.03(−2.31, 2.18) | 0.7150 |
| PLA | 103.00 ± 0.83 | 101.33 ± 1.80 | 101.40 ± 1.87 | ||||
| Carbon Dioxide (mL/min) | |||||||
| BHB | 21.67 ± 1.44 | 0.98(−0.39, 2.72) | 20.33 ± 0.89 | 0.09(−1.42, 1.69) | 20.75 ± 1.36 | 0.62(−2.71, 0.41) | 0.0218 ** |
| PLA | 20.50 ± 0.88 | 20.22 ± 1.39 | 21.90 ± 2.24 | ||||
| Calcium (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 9.56 ± 0.22 | 0.00(−0.35, 0.35) | 9.63 ± 0.36 | 0.47(−0.44, 0.25) | 9.91 ± 0.36 | 0.15(−0.41, 0.29) | 0.8553 |
| PLA | 9.56 ± 0.12 | 9.79 ± 0.32 | 9.97 ± 0.46 | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||
| BHB | 91.83 ± 5.79 | 0.36(−4.68, 10.94) | 87.67 ± 5.73 | 0.35(−9.74, 5.88) | 90.67 ± 8.05 | 0.17(−6.64, 8.98) | 0.3855 |
| PLA | 88.70 ± 10.99 | 90.22 ± 8.72 | 89.50 ± 5.17 | ||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | |||||||
| BHB | 5.08 ± 0.17 | 1.06(−0.36, 0.01) | 4.99 ± 0.14 | 1.61(−0.43, −0.08) | 4.99 ± 0.16 | 1.52(−0.42, −0.07) | 0.3375 |
| PLA | 5.26 ± 0.17 | 5.25 ± 0.18 | 5.24 ± 0.17 | ||||
Data reported in mean and standard deviation. p-value is from group by time interaction effect. ALB: GLOB = Albumin:Globulin Ratio, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, ALT = alanine transaminase, BUN = blood urea nitrogen. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of the mean difference between groups. d = Cohen’s d between-group effect size [(BHB-PLA)/SDpooled].