Table 4.

Summary of recent animal and cell culture studies investigating the relationship between methylxanthines and Parkinson´s disease (PD).

Author	Year	Used Model	Substance	Outcome
Luan et al. [69]	2018	Injected α-synuclein fibrils intra-striatal in mice	caffeine	reduced inclusion of α-synuclein, apoptosis, microglial activation and astrogliosis after caffeine treatment
Khadrawy et al. [70]	2017	rotenenoe induced PD mice model	caffeine	recovering dopamine levels in midbrain and striatum ameliorating motor symptoms, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effect of caffeine, prevention of neurodegeneration through less lewy bodies
Pardo et al. [71]	2020	pimozide induced PD mice model	theophylline	reversed locomotion, catalepsy and tremulous jaw movement
Rohilla et al. [72]	2019	perphenazine induced catatonia in rats	newly synthesized xanthine derivatives	most xanthines significantly lowered catatonia score, most potent MTX shows a similar response as L-DOPA