Table 1.

Isolated constitutes from Wasp-Venom and their biological activity.

Wasp-Scientific Name	Isolated Compounds	Biological Activity	Reference
Peptides
Vespa xanthoptera Vespula lewisii	Mastoparan (MPX) (INWKGIAAMAKKLL-NH2)	Cytotoxic against Glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) cell, 60% inhibition at 20 μmol/L (in vitro) Anti-Escherichia coli and anti-Lactococcus lactis at MIC 8, and 2.5 µM, respectively (in vitro).	[40,79,80]
Anterhynchium flavomarginatum micado	Mastoparan-AF (EMP-AF) (INLLKIAKGIIKSL-NH2)	Blocked lobster neuromuscular transmission. Mediated depolarization of the muscle membrane, often leading to a weak contraction of the muscle at 0.1 ± 1 mM (in vitro).	[1,81]
V. lewisii, Vespa tropica and Polybia paulista	Mastoparan (INLKALAALAKKIL)	Induces apoptosis in B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells treated with 165 µM. Potent anti-inflammatory. Shows activity against colistin-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii and colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii at MIC50 value of 4, and 8 mg/l, respectively. Antimicrobial activity on the epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain via dose-dependent growth inhibition (in vitro).	[38,41,82]
Vespa basalis	Mastoparan B (LKLKSIVSWAKKVL)	Anti-Enterococcus faecalis and anti-Bucillus subtilis at MIC of 3.13 mg/mL (in vitro).	[51]
V. basalis	Mastoparan-I1 (INLKAIAALVKKVL)	ND	[51]
V. basalis	Mastoparan-A (IKWKAILDAVKKVI)	ND	[51]
V. basalis	Mastoparan-T (INLKAIAAFAKKLL)	ND	[51]
Vespula vulgaris	Mastoparan V1 (INWKKIKSIIKAAMN)	Potent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella enterica at 50 µM (in vitro).	[4]
Vespa orientalis L.	Mastoparan (HRI) (INLKAIAALVKKVL-NH2)	Cytotoxic towards T98G cells and give 80% inhibition at 20 μmol/L (in vitro).	[40]
Vespa crabro	Mastoparan-C (MP-C) (LNLKALLAVAKKIL-NH2)	Inhibition of the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 32 μM MBIC (in vitro).	[26]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT1 (INLKAIAALAKKLL)	Anti-E. faecalis at 2.5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT2 (NLKAIAALAKKLL)	Anti-E. faecalis, anti-E.coli and anti-S.aureus at 5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT3 (INLKAITALAKKLL)	Anti-S. aureus and anti-Candida parapsilosis at 2.5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT4 (INLKAIAPLAKKLL)	Anti-Bacillus pyocyaneus, anti-P. aeruginosa, and anti-Bacillus dysenteriae at 10 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT5 (VIVKAIATLASKLL)	Anti-Candida albicans at 40 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V.tropica	Mastoparan-VT6 (INLKAIAALVKKLL)	Anti-S. aureus and anti-B. dysenteriae at 20 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	Mastoparan-VT7 (INLKAIAALARNY)	Anti-E. faecalis at 5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
Polistes rothneyi iwatai	Polistes-mastoparan-R1 (Pm-R1) (INWLKLGKKILGAI-NH2)	Has histamine-releasing activities from rat mast cells (EC50 = 0.09 µM) (in vitro).	[80]
P. rothneyi iwatai.	Polistes-mastoparan-R3 (Pm-R3) (INWLKLGKQILGAL-NH2)	Has histamine-releasing activities from rat mast cells (EC50 = 0.19 mM) (in vitro).	[80]
Vespa magnifica	Peptide 5e (FLPIIAKLLGLL)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[83]
V. magnifica	Peptide 5f (FLPIPRPILLGLL)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 10 µg/mL (in vitro).	[83]
V. magnifica	Peptide 5g (FLIIRRPIVLGLL)	Anti-S. aureus MIC = 10 µg/mL (in vitro).	[83]
V. magnifica	Peptide 12a (INWKGIAAMAKKLL)	Anti-S. Aureus, and anti-C. albicans at MIC = 3.7 µg/mL (in vitro).	[83]
V. magnifica	Peptide 12b (INWKGIAAMKKLL)	Anti-S. aureus MIC = 3.7 µg/mL (in vitro).	[83]
P. dimorpha	Polydim-I (AVAGEKLWLLPHLLKMLLTPTP)	Antimycobacterial activity at 7.6 μg/mL (in vitro). Anti-S. aureus at MIC50 4.1 µg/mL (in vitro).	[15,73]
Anoplus samariensis	As-126 (EDPPVVKMK-NH2)	ND	[84]
Batozonellus maculifrons	Bm-10 (ETAPVPKAISK-NH2)	ND	[84]
A. samariensis	Anoplin (GLLKRIKTLL-NH2)	Cytotoxic for T98G cells, gives 10% inhibition at 20 μmol/L (in vitro).	[40,55]
P. hypochondriaca	Pimplin (KRKPPRPNPKPKPIP)	Effective against Musca domestica at dose of 40 ng (in vitro).	[85]
A. flavomarginatum micado	Af-113 (INLLKIAKGIIKSLNH2)	ND	[86]
Agelaia vicina	Agelaiatoxin-8 (AVTx8) (INWKLGKALNALLNH2)	Inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission uptake at EC50 value of 0.09 ± 0.04 µM and maximum inhibition of 97 ± 5% (in vitro).	[87]
Agelaia pallipes pallipes	AgelaiaMP-I (INWLKLGKAIIDAL-NH2)	Has hemolytic activity at ED50 = 60 µM.	[28]
A. pallipes pallipes	AgelaiaMP-II (INWKAILQRIKKML-NH2)	Has hemolytic activity at ED50 = 240 µM (in vitro).	[88]
Anoplius samariensis, and Batozonellus maculifrons	Pompilidotoxins (α-PMTXs) (RIKIGLFDQLSKL-NH2)	Facilitates synaptic transfer in the motor neuron of the lobster and delays downregulation of the sodium channel (in vitro).	[89]
A. samariensis, and B. maculifrons	β-PMTXs (RIKIGLFDQRSKL-NH2)	Facilitates synaptic transfer in the neuromuscular junction of the lobster, and slows the sodium channel inactivation (in vitro).	[89]
A. flavomarginatum micado	Eumenine mastoparan-AF (EMP-AF) (INLLKIAKGIIKSL-NH2)	Effective hemolytic response in human erythrocytes. Enhancing degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells and RBL-2H3 cells (in vitro).	[81]
Agelaia pallipes pallipes, and Protonectarina sylveirae	Protonectin (ILGTILGLLKGL-NH2)	Antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Releasing Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from mast cells. Chemotaxis against polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) (in vitro).	([90]
A. pallipes pallipes, and P. sylveirae	Protonectin (1–6) (ILGTIL-NH2)	ND	[90]
A. pallipes pallipes	Protonectin (1–4)-OH (ILGT-OH)	Has poor hemolytic activity at ED50 = 1 mM (in vitro).	[88]
A. pallipes pallipes	Protonectin (7–12) (GLLKGL-NH2)	ND	[88]
A. pallipes pallipes	Protonectin (1–5)-OH (ILGTI-OH)	Has weak hemolytic activity at ED50 = 1 mM (in vitro).	[88]
A. pallipes pallipes	Protonectin (1–6)-OH (ILGTIL-OH)	Has poor hemolytic activity at ED50 = 1 mM (in vitro).	[88]
Orancistrocerus drewseni	Orancis-protonectin (ILGIITSLLKSL-NH2)	Has hemolytic activity of the sheep blood cells at 50 µM (in vitro).	[91]
A. pallipes pallipes	Pallipine-I (GIIDDQQCKKKPGQSSPVCS-OH)	ND	[88]
A. pallipes pallipes	Pallipine-II (SIKHKICKLLERTLKLTT PFC-NH2)	ND	[88]
A. pallipes pallipes	Pallipine-III (SIKKHKCIALLERRGGSKLPFC-NH2)	ND	[88]
P. paulista	Paulistine (SIKDKICKIIQCGKKLPFT-NH2) (oxidized form)	Causes mast cells degranulation or hemolysis (in vitro).	[92]
Vespa mandarinia	Ves-CP-M (FLPILGKLLSGL-NH2)	ND	[65]
V. xanthoptera	Ves-CP-X (FLPIIAKLLGGLL)	ND	[65]
Paravespula lewisi	Ves-CP-P (FLPIIAKLVSGLL)	ND	[65]
V. tropica	Ves-CP-T (FLPILGKILGGLL)	ND	[65]
V. crabro	Crabrolin (FLPLILRKIVTAL-NH2)	Releases histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells at ED50 of 11.8 µg/mL (in vitro).	[93,94]
Eumenes rubronotatus	Eumenitin (LNLKGIFKKVASLLT)	Shows antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Staphylococcus saprophytius, E. coli at MIC = 6 µM (in vitro).	[95]
E. rubrofemoratus	Eumenine mastoparan-ER (EMP-ER) (FDIMGLIKKVAGAL-NH2)	Anti-C. albicans at MIC 7.5 µM. Has Leishmanicidal activity at IC50 20 µM (in vitro).	[96]
Eumenes micado	Eumenine mastoparan-EM1 (LKLMGIVKKVLGAL-NH2)	Anti-S. aureus and anti-E. coli at MIC 7 µM (in vitro). Has Leishmanicidal activity with an IC50 of 36 µM (in vitro).	[97]
E. micado	Eumenine mastoparan-EM2 (LKLLGIVKKVLGAI-NH2)	Anti-S. aureus and anti-E. coli at MIC of 3 µM (in vitro). Has Leishmanicidal activity with an IC50 of 36 µM (in vitro).	[97]
Eumenes fraterculus	Eumenine mastoparan-EF (EMP-EF) (FDVMGIIKKIASALNH2	Anti-C. albicans at MIC of 7.5 µM. Has Leishmanicidal behavior at IC50 of 40 µM (in vitro).	[96]
O. drewseni	Eumenine mastoparan-OD (EMP-OD) (GRILSFIKGLAEHL-NH2)	Induces hemolysis of the sheep blood cells at 50 µM (in vitro).	[91]
E. rubrofemoratus	Eumenitin-R (LNLKGLIKKVASLLN)	Anti-Sreptococcus pyogenes, anti-Micrococcus luteus, and anti-Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at MIC of 15 µM. Anti-B. subtilis at MIC 7.5 µM (in vitro).	[96]
E. fraterculus	Eumenitin-F (LNLKGLFKKVASLLT)	Anti-C. albicans at MIC of 7.5 µM. Has Leishmanicidal activity at IC50 of 52 µM (in vitro). Anti-S. maltophilia at MIC of 15 µM (in vitro).	[96]
P. paulista.	Polybia-CP (ILGTILGLLKSL-NH2)	Anti-microbial against S. aureus and B. subtilis at 15 µg/mL compared with 0.5 and 18 µg/mL of tetracycline (in vitro).	[14,65]
P. paulista	Polybia-CP 2 (ILGTILGKIL-OH)	Has chemotaxis, mast cell degranulation, and hemolytic activities (in vivo).	[98]
	Polybia-CP 3 (ILGTILGTFKSL-NH2)	Has chemotaxis, mast cell degranulation, and hemolytic activities (in vivo). Antiplasmodial and anticancer properties (in vitro).	[8,98]
P. paulista	Polybia-MP1 (IDWKKLLDAAKQIL-NH2)	Antitumor against bladder and prostate cancer cells. Exhibits potent activity against S. aureus, MIC of 9 µΜ (in vitro). Anti-C. albicans (EC50 = 12.9 μM) and C. neoformans (EC50 = 11 μM) (in vitro). Fungicidal activity against Candida glabrata (EC50 = 8 μM) and C. albicans (EC50 = 16 μM) (in vitro). Anti-E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus at MIC of 8, 8, 4, and 15 μg/mL compared to 2, 18, 18, and 0.5 of tetracycline (in vitro).	[64,85]
V. orientalis L.	HR-1 (INLKAIAALVKKVL-NH2	ND	[99]
V. orientalis L.	HR-2 (FLPLILGKLVKGLL-NH2)	ND	[99]
Polistes jadwigae	Polisteskinin-J (RRRPPGFSPFR-OH)	ND	[98]
Pollistes chiensis	Polisteskinin-C (SKRPPGFSPFR-OH)	ND	[98]
P. rothney	Polisteskinin-R (ARRPPGFTPFR-OH)	Exerts potent anxiolytic effects at 6, 3, and 1.5 ηmol compared to positive control Diazepam (in vivo)	[98,100]
Vespa analis	Vespakinin-A (GRPPGFSPFRVI-OH)	ND	[98]
Vespa mandarínia	Vespakinin-X (ARPPGFSPFR-OH)	ND	[98]
V. magnifica, Parapolybia varia, V. tropica	Vespid Chemotactic Peptides (VCP)	Anti-tumor activities towards NIH-OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines at concentrations higher than 10 μM (in vitro).	[34,101]
V. magnifica (Smith)	VCP-5h (FLPIIGKLLSGLL-NH2)	MICs of 5, 25, and 30, µg/mL for S. aureus, C. albicans and E. coli, respectively (in vitro).	[102]
Parapolybia varia	Vespakinin (Vespk)	Antitumor activity to SK-OV-3 at 24 h post-treatment (in vitro).	[101]
V. magnifica	Vespakinin-M GRPPGFSPFRID	ND	[103]
Batozonellus maculifrons	Pompilidotoxins (β-PMTXs) (RIKIGLFDQLSRL-NH2)	Inactivation of the Na+ channel, and the Nav1.6 channel was more selective (in vitro).	[1]
O. drewseni	OdVP1 (GRILSFIKGLAEHL-NH2)	Anti-E. coli, and anti-C. albicans at MIC of 6 µM (in vitro).	[104,105]
O. drewseni	OdVP2 (ILGIITSLLKSL-NH2)	Anti-S. aureus at MIC of 25 µg/mL. Anti-gray mold Botrytis cinerea at MIC of 0.4 µM (in vitro).	[104,105]
O. drewseni	OdVP3 (KDLHTVVSAILQAL-NH2)	Anti-gray mold B. cinerea at MIC of 5 µM (in vitro).	[104,105]
O. drewseni	OdVP4 (LDPKVVQSLL-NH2)	ND	[104]
Nasonia vitripennis	Defensin-NV (VTCELLMFGGVVGDSACAANCLSMGKAGGSCNGGLCDCRKTTFKELWDKRFG)	Anti-S. aureus, and Anti-B. cereus at MIC of 0.93 µM (in vitro). Anti-B. dysenteriae at MIC of 0.46 µM (in vitro). Anti-E. coli, and anti-C. albicans at MIC of 1.86 µM (in vitro). Anti-P. aeruginosa at MIC of 9.3 µM (in vitro).	[106]
Chartergellus communis	Communis (INWKAILGKIGK-COOH)	ND	[107]
C. communis	Communis-AAAA (INWKAILGKIGKAAAAVNH2)	Hemolytic activity at EC50 = 142.6 μM (in vitro). Hyperalgesic effect at 2 nmol/animal (in vivo).	[107]
Cyphononyx Fulvognathus	Bradykinin (RPPGFSPFR)	Acts as a chemoattractant directing glioma cells into blood vessels in the brain of rats (in vivo).	[108]
Megascolia flavifrons, and Colpa interrupta	Megascoliakinin = Thr6BK-Lys-Ala (BK = bradykinin) (RPPGFTPFRKA)	Prevents the synaptic transmission of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the central nervous system of insect (in vitro).	[109]
C. fulvognathus and P. paulista	RA-Thr6 -Bradykinin (RARPPGFTPFR-OH)	ND	[98]
Polybia occidentalis, M. flavifrons, C. interrupta, and P. paulista	Threonine6-bradykinin (Thr6-BK) RPPGFTPFR-OH	Anti-nociceptive effects with approximately two-fold higher than bradykinin and morphine (in vivo).	[98,110]
P. paulista	RA-Thr6 -Bradykinin-DT (RARPPGFTPFRDT-OH)	ND	[98]
C. fulvognathus	Fulvonin (SIVLRGKAPFR)	Displays hyperalgesic impact after intraplantar injection in the rat paw pressure test (in vivo).	[111]
C. fulvognathus (Japan)	Cyphokinin (DTRPPGFTPFR)	Demonstrates hyperalgesic impact after intraplantar injection in the rat paw pressure test (in vivo).	[111]
C. fulvognathus (Japan)	Cd-146 (SETGNTVTVKGFSPLR)	Shows hyperalgesic effect in the rat paw pressure test after intraplantar injection (in vivo).	[111]
C. fulvognathus	Cd-125 (DTARLKWH)	ND	[111]
P. paulista	Mastoparan (MPI) (IDWKKLLDAAKQIL-NH2)	Cytotoxic towards T98G cells, gives 30% inhibition at 20 μmol/L (in vitro).	[40]
Pseudopolybia vespiceps	Mastoparan Polybia-MPII (INWLKLGKMVIDAL-NH2)	Anti-staphylococcal activity with an EC50 of 1.83 μM and EC90 of 2.90 μM (in vitro). Mice treated with 5 mg/kg showed a decline in bacterial load from 108 to ca. 106 CFUs (in vitro). Potent hemolytic activity against mouse cells (EC50 = 24.18 Μm, EC90 = 58.12 μM) (in vitro). Inhibits the growth of C. neoformans (EC50 = 11 μM) and C. albicans (EC50 = 12.9 μM) (in vitro). Anti-A. baumannii AB 0 at MIC of 12.5 µM while MIC against A. baumannii AB 53 and AB 72 was 6.25 µM (in vitro). Adhesion inhibition for A. baumannii AB 02 and AB 72 at 25 µM while A. baumannii AB 53 was inhibited at a concentration of 12.5 µM (in vitro).	[28,112]
P. paulista	Polybia-MPIII (INWLKLGKAVIDAL)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC of 19 μM (in vitro).	[65]
P. paulista	Polybia-MP IV (IDWLKLRVISVIDL-NH2)	Shows strong mast cell degranulation. Has weak haemolytic activity, hypernociception and edema formation (in vitro).	[98]
P. paulista	Polybia-MP V (INWHDIAIKNIDAL-NH2)	Medium mast cell degranulation, haemolytic activity and hypernociception (in vitro).	[98]
P. paulista	Polybia-MP VI (IDWLKLGKMVM-OH)	Medium haemolytic activity and hypernociception (in vitro).	[98]
P. paulista	unk-1 (IPAGWAIVKV-NH2)	Shows weak mast cell degranulation and haemolytic activity (in vitro).	[98]
P. paulista	unk-2 (TGDSPDVR-OH)	Shows weak mast cell degranulation and haemolytic activity, weak chemotaxis for PMNLs, and a range of weak to strong hypernociception and oedema formation (in vitro).	[98]
V. orientalis L.	Orientotoxin (Neurotoxin)	Has lysophospholipase activity and inhibits both mediated and spontaneous release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve membrane (in vivo).	[113,114]
V. orientalis L.	Peptide I (AGVILFGR-NH2)	Histamine release from mast cells ED50 = 5.10−7 (in vivo).	[115]
V. orientalis L.	Peptide II (AGVIFRSP-NH2)	Histamine release from mast cells ED50 = 3.10−6 (in vivo).	[115]
Oreumenes decoratus	Decoralin (De-NH2) (SLLSLIRKLIT-NH2)	Has hemolytic activity at EC50 of 80 µM (in vitro). Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 4 µM (in vitro). Anti-B. Subtilis, MIC = 8 µM (in vitro). Anti-C. albicans, MIC = 20 µM (in vitro). Has leishmanicidal activity, IC50 =11 µM (in vitro).	[61]
V. ducalis	VACP1 (AQKWLKYWKADKVKGFGRKIKKIWFG)	Potently inhibits cell proliferation and promotes the cell apoptosis of osteosarcoma (OS) cells, and this was concomitant with the activation of the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathway (in vitro).	[6]
Emerald Jewel, and Ampulex compressa	Ampulexin-1 (axn1) (CKDDYVNPKEQLGYDILEKLRQKP)	ND	[116]
	Ampulexin -2 (axn2) (CQNDYVNPKLQFACDLLQKAKERQ)	ND	[116]
	Ampulexin -3 axn3 SFSMLLQKAKERQ	ND	[116]
V. orientalis	AuNPs+ peptide (INLKAIAALVKKV)	Antibacterial using AuNPs against K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. mutans, S. typhimuriu, E. coli, and S. aureus, and with the inhibition zones of 9.21, 14.32, 14.71,19.21, 15.24 and 15.33 mm, respectively (in vitro).	[19]
Vespa bicolor Fabricius	V. chemotatic peptide (VESP-VBs) (FMPIIGRLMSGSL)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 1 µg/mL (in vitro).	[5]
V. bicolor Fabricius	V. mastoparan (MP-VBs) (INMKASAAVAKKLL)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 1.9 µg/mL (in vitro).	[5]
Polistes dominulus	Dominulin A (INWKKIAEVGGKILSSL)	Anti-B. Subtilis, and E. coli at MIC = 2 and 8 µg/mL, respectively (in vitro).	[117]
P. dominulus	Dominulin B (INWKKIAEIGKQVLSAL)	Anti-B. Subtilis, and E. coli at MIC = 2 and 8 µg/mL, respectively (in vitro).	[17]
Protonectarina sylveirae	Protonectarina-MP (INWKALLDAAKKVL)	Anti-B. subtilis and anti-S. Aureus MIC = 3.9 µg/mL (in vitro).	[69]
Parapolybia indica	Parapolybia-MP (INWKKMAATALKMI-NH2)	Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 3.9 µg/mL (in vitro).	[69]
P. jadwigae	Polistes mastoparan (VDWKKIGQHIKSVL)	Degranulation of mast cells at 5 nM/mL.	[39]
V. magnifica (Smith)	Vespid chemotactic peptide (VCP)	MICs for S. aureus, C. albicans, and E. coli were 5, 25, and 30, µg/mL, respectively (in vitro).	[102]
V. bicolor Fabricius	VESP-VB1 (FMPIIGRLMSGSL)	Anti-E. coli, MIC = 7.5 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 1.9 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-P. aeruginosa, MIC = 3.75 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-C. albicans, MIC = 30 µg/mL (in vitro).	[5]
V. bicolor Fabricius	MP-VB1 (INMKASAAVAKKLL)	Anti-E. coli, MIC = 15 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-S. aureus, MIC = 3.75 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-P. aeruginosa, MIC = 15 µg/mL (in vitro). Anti-C. albicans, MIC = 15 µg/mL (in vitro).	[5]
V. tropica	VCP-VT1	Anti-E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and C. parapsilosis at 2.5 µg/mL and Anti-S. aureus at 1.2 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
V. tropica	VCP-VT2 FLPIIGKLLSG	Antimicrobial against S. aureus, E. cloacae at 2.5 µg/mL (in vitro).	[30]
Protopolybia exigua (Kinins)	Protopolybiakinin-I (DKNKKPIRVGGRRPPGFTR-OH)	Caused degranulation of 35% of the mast cells (in vitro).	[118]
P. exigua	Protopolybiakinin-II (Kinins) (DKNKKPIWMAGFPGFTPIR-OH)	Caused degranulation of 52 % of the mast cells (in vitro).	[118]
V. mandarinia	VESCP-M2 (FLPILAKILGGLL)	Induces pain and severe tissue injury, oedema, cutaneous necrosis, and blister.	[119]
Polistes lanio lanio	PllTkP-I (QPPTPPEHRFPGLM)	ND	[120]
P. lanio lanio	PllTkP-II (ASEPTALGLPRIFPGLM)	ND	[120]
V. magnifica (Smith)	5-Hydroxytryptamine	ND	[121]
V. magnifica (Smith)	Vespakinin-M (GRPPGFSPFRID-NH2)	ND	[121]
V. magnifica (Smith)	Mastoparan M (INLKAIAALAKKLL-NH2)	ND	[121]
V. magnifica (Smith)	Vespid chemotactic peptide M (FLPIIGKLLSGLL-NH2)	ND	[121]
Sphex argentatus argentatus	Sa12b (EDVDHVFLRF)	Inhibits acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at IC50 of 81 nM while inhibiting it completely at 1 μM (in vivo).	[122]
Isodontia harmandi	Sh5b(DVDHVFLRF-NH2)	ND	[122]
P. paulista	Neuropolybin	Antiseizure	[37]
Synoeca surinama	Synoeca-MP I/LNWI/LKI/LGKKI/LI/LASL/NH2	Antimicrobial activity, MIC50 values were 1.9, 2, 8.3, 5.2, and 3.5 μM for methicillin-resistant S. aureus—MRSA, E. coli ESBL, vancomycin-resistant E. Faecalis, P. aeruginosa metallo-ß-lactamase, and Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC, respectively (in vitro). Anti-Candida species, with MICs varying from 10–40 μM (in vitro).	[123]
Enzymes and proteins
V. magnifica	Magnifin (PLA1)	Activates platelet aggregation and induces thrombosis at 18 nM with causes 85% washed platelets aggregation in 60 s (in vivo).	[124]
P. paulista (southeast Brazil)	Phospholipase A1(Ves v 1)	Catalyzes the ester bonds hydrolysis of 1,2-diacyl-3 snglycerophospholipids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively.	[125]
P.paulista	Phospholipase A1	Hydrolyzes phospholipids and produces 2-acyl-lysophospholipids and fatty acids.	[125,126]
P. Occidentalis and P. paulista	Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)	Potent hemolytic actions in washed red cells (in vitro). Hydrolyzes natural phospholipids, catalysing the deacylation of 1,2-diacyl-sn-3-phosphoglycerides at position 2 and thus releases free fatty acids and lysophospholipids (in vitro).	[127,128]
P. paulista, Vespula maculate, Vespula arenaria, V. crabro, V. orientalis, Paravespula germanica, Paravespula vulgaris, Dolichovespula saxonica, Dolichovespula media, and Polistes Gallicus	Hyaluronidase (Polyp2)	Hydrolyses hyaluronic acid which facilitates the diffusion of toxin into the tissue and blood circulation of the prey.	[129,130,131]
Polistes comanchus	Polistin (protein)	Responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the whole venom.	[132]
P. paulista	Antigen5 (Polyp5)	Major allergen could be used for allergy diagnostics and treatment.	[133]
Cyphononyx dorsalis	Arginine kinase-like protein	Exhibits paralytic activity in spiders with the same characteristic symptoms as the crude venom.	[134]
Pteromalus puparum	Vn.11 (protein)	ND	[135]
Cotesia rubecula	Vn 4.6	ND	[136]
V. magnifica	Magnvesin	Exerts anti-coagulant properties via hydrolyzing coagulant factors VII, VIII, TF, IX and X.	[137]
Some volatile compounds
Vespa velutina	Undecan-2-one	Elicits the defense behavior	[138]
V. velutina	Non-8-en-2-one
V. velutina	Nonan-2-one
V. velutina	Heptan-2-one
V. velutina	4,8-Dimethylnon-7-en-2-one
Polistes metricus Say, Polistes bellicosus Cresson, and Polistes dorsalis (F.), as well as workers of Polistes aurifer (Saussure), P. bellicosus, P. metricus, and P. dorsalis	N-(3-Methylbutyl)acetamide	ND	[139]
P. occidentalis	(E,E)-2,8-Dimethyl1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane	Elicit the defense behavior	[140]

ND: Not detected.