Table 1.
Characteristics of all studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author Year |
Study Groups | n | GA (Weeks) 1 |
Birth Wt (g) 1 |
SGA n (%) |
BMI (kg/m2) 1 |
Age at FU (Years) 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South, 2019 [8] | Preterm | 96 | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 1048 ± 276 | 9 (9.4) | 22.1 ± 5.1 | 14 |
| Full-term | 43 | 39.7 ± 1.1 | 3458 ± 451 | 3 (7.0) | 21.5 ± 3.5 | 14 | |
| Vollsaeter, 2018 [24] | Preterm (SGA) | 20 | 28.0 ± 1.6 | 724 ± 143.2 | 20 (100.0) | 17.6 ± 3.1 | 11.3 ± 0.9 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 37 | 26.1 ± 1.2 | 918 ± 151.5 | 0 (0.0) | 17.5 ± 2.2 | 11.4 ± 1.0 | |
| Full-term (AGA) | 54 | n/a | 3701 ± 434.1 | 0 (0.0) | 17.8 ± 2.7 | 11.7 ± 1.5 | |
| Paquette, 2018 [25] | Preterm | 92 | 27.1 ± 1.3 | 955 ± 223 | 6 (6.5) | 22.6 ± 3.8 | 23.2 ± 2.2 |
| Full-term | 92 | 39.5 ± 1.1 | 3401 ± 376 | 6 (6.5) | 23.7 ± 4.4 | 23.2 ± 2.3 | |
| Kowalski, 2018 [26] | Preterm | 76 | 27 ± 1 | 904 ± 161 | 12 (15.8) | 23.0 ± 4.7 | 18.2 ± 1.3 |
| Full-term (AGA) | 42 | 39 ± 1 | 3435 ± 470 | 0 (0.0) | 23.2 ± 3.7 | 18.6 ± 0.9 | |
| Bonamy, 2017 [27] | Preterm | 171 | 25.4 ± 1.0 | 786 ± 169 | 22 (12.9) | 14.7 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 0.2 |
| Full-term | 172 | 39.8 ± 1.2 | 3595 ± 465 | 3 (1.7) | 16.0 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | |
| Starzec, 2016 [28] | Preterm | 64 | 27 ± 5.8 | 875 ± 406 | 19 (29.7) | n/a | 11 ± 1.0 |
| Full-term | 36 | 40 ± 1.5 | 3570 ± 717 | 2 (5.6) | n/a | 10.7 ± 1.3 | |
| Gilarska, 2016 [29] | Preterm | 67 | 27 ± 2.3 | 850 ± 128 | n/a | n/a | 11.0 ± 0.3 |
| Full-term | 38 | 39.8 ± 1.4 | 3571 ± 538 | n/a | n/a | 10.6 ± 0.9 | |
| Washburn, 2015 [30] | Preterm | 124 | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 1056 ± 272 | n/a | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 14 |
| Full-term | 44 | 39.6 ± 1.1 | 3457 ± 446 | n/a | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 14 | |
| Mathai, 2015 [31] | Preterm | 22 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 28.6 ± 4.3 | 35.8 ± 1.2 |
| Full-term | 14 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 26.2 ± 4.4 | 35.6 ± 1.1 | |
| Lewandowski, 2015 [32] | Preterm | 30 | 30.5 ± 2.7 | 1295.6 ± 304.5 | n/a | 26.3 ± 7.2 | 26.6 ± 1.0 |
| Full-term | 60 | 39.6 ± 0.8 | 3411.2 ± 319.0 | n/a | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 1.9 | |
| Juonala, 2015 [33] | Preterm (SGA) | 39 | n/a | n/a | 39 (100.0) | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 40.7 ± 4.3 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 87 | n/a | n/a | 0 (0.0) | 27.3 ± 5.6 | 41.3 ± 4.9 | |
| Full-term | 1630 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 26.5 ± 5.0 | 41.3 ± 4.9 | |
| Gunay, 2014 [34] | Preterm | 65 | 35.7 ± 0.4 | 2521.2 ± 119.2 | n/a | n/a | 9.0 ± 3.2 |
| Full-term | 65 | 38.5 ± 0.6 | 3328.9 ± 97.8 | n/a | n/a | 9.5 ± 2.7 | |
| Bassareo, 2013 [35] | Preterm | 12 | 26.8 ± 2.0 | 927.3 ± 67.5 | n/a | 21.6 ± 6 | 23.9 ± 3.2 |
| Full-term | 12 | 39.8 ± 0.3 | 3256.7 ± 151.5 | n/a | 21.5 ± 7 | 23.8 ± 2.9 | |
| Kwinta, 2011 [36] | Preterm | 78 | 27.3 ± 2.2 | 866.7 ± 140.7 | 22 (28.2) | n/a | 6.7 ± 0.4 |
| Full-term | 38 | 40.0 ± 1.5 | 3591.3 ± 304.4 | 2 (5.3) | n/a | 6.8 ± 0.7 | |
| Lazdam, 2010 [37] | Preterm | 71 | 30.3 ± 2.5 | 1303.4 ± 278.8 | n/a | 24.4 ± 4.3 | 24 |
| Full-term | 38 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 24 | |
| Keijzer-Veen, 2010 [38] | Preterm (SGA) | 21 | 30.6 ± 1.1 | 858 ± 132 | 21 (100.0) | 21.7 ± 2.6 | 20.7 ± 0.3 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 29 | 29.5 ± 1.4 | 1489 ± 257 | 0 (0.0) | 22.1 ± 2.8 | 20.7 ± 0.4 | |
| Full-term (AGA) | 30 | 40.2 ± 1.3 | 3632 ± 489 | 0 (0.0) | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 20.7 ± 0.8 | |
| Hovi, 2010 [39] | Preterm | 118 | 29.2 ± 2.2 | 1138 ± 224 | 39 (33.1) | 22.0 ± 3.8 | 18–27 |
| Full-term (AGA) | 120 | 40.1 ± 1.0 | 3623 ± 479 | 0 (0.0) | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 18–27 | |
| Chan, 2010 [40] | Preterm (SGA) | 14 | 30.3 ± 1.6 | 929 ± 200 | 14 (100.0) | 18.0 ± 4.2 | 13.3 ± 1.1 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 25 | 29.5 ± 2.6 | 1492 ± 636 | 0 (0.0) | 19.7 ± 2.4 | 14.3 ± 1.0 | |
| Full-term (AGA) | 25 | 39.8 ± 1.9 | 3366 ± 433 | 0 (0.0) | 18.7 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | |
| Evensen, 2009 [41] | Preterm (SGA) | 14 | 32 (27–35) 2 | 1415 (800–1500) 2 | 14 (100.0) | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 18.4 ± 0.7 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 23 | 28 (24–31) 2 | 1210 (820–1490) 2 | 0 (0.0) | 21.2 ± 3.4 | 18.1 ± 0.5 | |
| Full-term (AGA) | 63 | 40 (37–42) 2 | 3700 (2670–5140) 2 | 0 (0.0) | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 18.6 ± 0.8 | |
| Keijzer-Veen, 2007 [42] | Preterm (SGA) | 23 | 30.6 ± 1.0 | 859 ± 126 | 23 (100.0) | 21.6 ± 2.5 | 20.7 ± 0.3 |
| Preterm (AGA) | 29 | 29.5 ± 1.4 | 1489 ± 257 | 0 (0.0) | 22.1 ± 2.8 | 20.7 ± 0.4 | |
| Full-term (AGA) | 30 | 40.2 ± 1.3 | 3632 ± 489 | 0 (0.0) | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 20.7 ± 0.8 | |
| Bonamy, 2007 [43] | Preterm | 39 | 28.9 ± 1.6 | 1106 ± 305 | 20 (51.3) | 16.8 ± 2.8 | 9.1 ± 1.7 |
| Full-term | 21 | 40.3 ± 1.0 | 3704 ± 404 | 0 (0.0) | 16.2 ± 2.0 | 9.7 ± 1.5 | |
| Rodríguez-Soriano, 2005 [44] | Preterm | 40 | 27.6 (23–35) 3 | 845 (540–1000) 3 | 13 (32.5) | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 8.6 ± 1.8 |
| Full-term | 43 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 19.3 ± 2.7 | 8.5 ± 1.8 | |
| Kistner, 2005 [45] | Preterm (AGA) | 14 | 30 (28–32) 2 | 1250 (950–2040) 2 | 0 (0.0) | n/a | 26 ± 2 |
| Full-term (AGA) | 17 | n/a | 3720 (3120–4220) 2 | 0 (0.0) | n/a | 26 ± 2 | |
| Doyle, 2003 [46] | Preterm | 156 | 28.8 ± 2.0 | 1098 ± 235 | n/a | n/a | 18+ |
| Full-term | 60 | 40.0 ± 1.1 | 3493 ± 494 | n/a | n/a | 18+ | |
| Kistner, 2000 [47] | Preterm | 15 | n/a | 1293 ± 283 | n/a | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 26 ± 1.9 |
| Full-term (AGA) | 17 | n/a | 3720 ± 313 | 0 (0.0) | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 26 ± 1.9 | |
| Siewert-Delle, 1998 [48] | Preterm | 44 | n/a | 3045 ± 646 | n/a | 25.6 ± 3.0 | 49 |
| Full-term | 336 | n/a | 3559 ± 526 | n/a | 25.7 ± 3.5 | 49 | |
| Vanpée, 1992 [49] | Preterm | 8 | 28.2 ± 1.5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 8 |
| Full-term | 12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | (2.0–25.3) 4 |
1 mean ± SD; 2 median (range); 3 mean (range); 4 range. Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMI, body mass index; FU, follow-up; GA, gestational age; n/a, not available; SGA, small for gestational age; Wt, weight.