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. 2021 Mar 1;11(3):614. doi: 10.3390/nano11030614

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic of the membrane (Al₂O₃/PVFM/Al₂O₃). SEM images of the trilayer membrane; (b) cross-sectional image of the trilayer membrane; (c) cross-sectional image of the PVFM membrane; (d) the surface morphology of the Al₂O₃ coating layer; and (e) the surface morphology of the PVFM-based membrane. Reprinted with permission from Wen et al. [99]. Copyright 2007 Scientific Research Publishing Inc.