Table 2.
Characteristics of Clinical Studies Using Squaric Acid Dibutylester for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata
| Author(s), Year | Study Design | Number of Patients | Age, Years, Range | Type of AA, n | Duration of Therapy, Months | Complete Response, n (%) | Partial Response, n (%) | Relapse Rate, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Happle et al, 198066 | Prospective study | 53 | 6–57 | AT/AU=27, other=26 | 6–15 | 46 (87) | NS | 9 (19.6) |
| Giannetti and Orecchia, 198375 | Prospective study | 26 | 6–32 | AT/AU=6, >50% AA=12, <50% AA=8 | NS | 5 (19) | 12 (46) | NS |
| Tosti et al, 198676 | RCT | 44 | 5–74 | PA=44 | NS | 28 (64) | NS | 1 (3.5) |
| Johansson et al, 198677 | Prospective study | 19 | 14–55 | AT/AU=13, other=6 | 4 | 8 (42.1) | 11 (58) | NS |
| Caserio et al, 198774 | Prospective study | 14 | 7–66 (mean=16.5) | AT/AU=12, PA=2 | 6.5–10.5 | 4 (28.5) | 7 (50) | 1 (9.1) |
| Orecchia et al, 199479 | Prospective study | 28 | 5–13 | AT/AU=11, PA=17 | 5–10 | 9 (32.1) | 6 (21.4) | 14 (93.3) |
| Tosti et al, 199680 | Prospective study | 33 | 6–14 | AT=10, AU=23 | 4–22 (mean=12.8) | 10 (30.3) | 6 (18) | 7 (43.8) |
| Chua et al, 199673 | Prospective study | 19 | 14–42 | AT/AU=7, mixed=12 | 6 | 13 (68) | 2 (11) | 33% in AT |
| 11% in AA | ||||||||
| Micali et al, 199671 | Prospective study | 144 | 5–50 (mean=23) | AT/AU=15, <50%, AA=71, other=58 | 12 | NS | 80% less severe form | NS |
| 49% severe form | ||||||||
| Iijima and Otsuka, 199781 | Prospective study | 48 | 6–57 | AT/AU=14, PA=31, AO=3 | 6 | 23 (48) | 20 (41.6) | NS |
| Dall’oglio et al, 200572 | Prospective study | 54 | 4–71 | AT/AU=13, PA=89, AO=5 | 24–96 | 43 (79.6) total | NS | 44% |
| 73% in adults | ||||||||
| 100% in children | ||||||||
| Lee et al, 201868 | Meta-analysis | 45 studies (DPCP 31 studies, SADBE 15 studies, DPCP+SADBE 1 study) | Satisfactory hair regrowth (>75% hair regrowth) 38.4% (PA 51.8%, AT/AU 25%) | |||||
| CR 38.4% (PA 50.5%, AT/AU 35%) | ||||||||
| Sakai et al, 201982 | Retrospective cohort study | 49 | 3–74 | AT/AU=16, >50% AA=20, <50% AA=13 | 6–12 | 11 (57.8) | 22 (45) | NS |
| Gupta et al, 201969 | Meta-analysis | 38 studies (PA 11 studies, AT/AU 27 studies) | 35% Satisfactory hair regrowth (>70% hair regrowth) in PA | |||||
| 49.7% Satisfactory hair regrowth (>70% hair regrowth) in AT/AU | ||||||||
Abbreviations: AA, alopecia areata; AO, alopecia ophiasis; AT, alopecia totalis; AU, alopecia universalis; CR, complete regrowth; DPCP, diphenylcyclopropenone; NS, not stated; PA, patch-type alopecia areata.