Table 2.

Representative human studies showing supplementation with fermented foods containing probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics and the main beneficial outcomes in the human body immune system.

Fermented Food/Probiotics	Outcome in the Immune System	Reference
fermented milk containing L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis subsp lactis BB-12	improved the glycemic control in T2DM subjects decrease in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and resistin) and increase of the acetic acid	[142]
The probiotic group consumed Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota-fermented milk	Probiotic administration reduced bacterial translocation and altered the gut microbiota in Japanese patients with T2DM	[141]
6-months multi-strain probiotics supplementation in T2DM	beneficial role of probiotics in inflammation, promising adjuvant anti-diabetes therapy	[140]
reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fiber, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods	Increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila, two bacterial species known to have anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intervention with functional foods significantly modified fecal microbiota by increasing alpha diversity.	[139]