Table 1.
Participant general characteristics based on consumed coffee type and sex 1.
| Coffee Type | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Black | 3-in-1 | Others | p Value | |
| Men (N = 3897) | |||||
| N (incidence %) | 276 (3.99%) | 90 (3.33%) | 610 (5.41%) | 2921 (5.20%) | |
| Age (years) | 55.69 ± 0.50 a | 53.94 ± 0.94 b | 52.37 ± 0.33 c | 53.71 ± 0.16 bc | 0.0006 |
| 40–49 | 68 (5.16%) | 31 (2.35%) | 243 (18.42%) | 977 (74.07%) | 0.0004 |
| 50–59 | 107 (7.28%) | 31 (2.11%) | 233 (15.86%) | 1098 (74.74%) | |
| 60–69 | 95 (9.07%) | 26 (2.48%) | 127 (12.13%) | 799 (76.31%) | |
| 70–79 | 6 (9.68%) | 2 (3.23%) | 7 (11.29%) | 47 (75.81%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.85 ± 0.13 b | 22.89 ± 0.22 a | 22.91 ± 0.09 a | 22.68 ± 0.04 a | <0.0001 |
| <18.5 | 23 (8.33%) | 2 (2.22%) | 15 (2.46%) | 95 (3.25%) | <0.0001 |
| 18.5–25 | 227 (82.25%) | 80 (88.89%) | 472 (77.38%) | 2328 (79.70%) | |
| ≥25 | 26 (9.42%) | 8 (8.89%) | 123 (20.16%) | 498 (17.05%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.00 ± 0.36 b | 80.37 ± 0.54 a | 80.84 ± 0.21 a | 80.37 ± 0.10 a | 0.0003 |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 145 (52.54%) | 34 (37.78%) | 223 (36.56%) | 982 (33.62%) | |
| Past smoker | 110 (39.86%) | 32 (35.56%) | 223 (36.56%) | 1132 (38.75%) | |
| Current smoker | 18 (6.52%) | 24 (26.67%) | 162 (26.56%) | 795 (27.22%) | |
| Physical activity (yes, %) | 128 (46.38%) | 38 (42.22%) | 244 (40.00%) | 1142 (39.10%) | 0.1440 |
| Educational level | <0.0001 | ||||
| Under middle school | 49 (17.75%) | 17 (18.89%) | 65 (10.66%) | 627 (21.47%) | |
| High school | 106 (38.41%) | 33 (36.67%) | 208 (34.10%) | 1118 (38.27%) | |
| College or above | 117 (42.39%) | 40 (44.44%) | 333 (54.59%) | 1149 (39.34%) | |
| Alcohol consumption (yes, %) | 150 (54.35%) | 64 (71.11%) | 472 (77.38%) | 2112 (72.30%) | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| TG (mg/dL) | 83.42 ± 1.72 b | 91.16 ± 3.34 a | 88.48 ± 1.15 ab | 87.94 ± 0.56 ab | 0.1802 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.80 ± 0.69 a | 55.12 ± 1.15 a | 55.21 ± 0.41 a | 54.60 ± 0.20 a | 0.6240 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 87.92 ± 0.42 a | 88.06 ± 0.82 a | 87.95 ± 0.28 a | 88.28 ± 0.12 a | 0.5657 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.05 ± 0.51 a | 114.59 ± 0.86 a | 114.91 ± 0.34 a | 114.74 ± 0.16 a | 0.8810 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.53 ± 0.42 a | 72.37 ± 0.66 a | 72.79 ± 0.27 a | 72.18 ± 0.13 a | 0.3093 |
| Women (N = 10,725) | |||||
| N (incidence %) | 1119 (3.13%) | 548 (2.55%) | 1130 (2.39%) | 7928 (3.33%) | |
| Age (years) | 52.37 ± 0.21 a | 48.63 ± 0.29 bc | 48.44 ± 0.19 c | 49.08 ± 0.07 b | <0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 401 (6.95%) | 319 (5.53%) | 669 (11.60%) | 4379 (75.92%) | <0.0001 |
| 50–59 | 523 (12.93%) | 184 (4.55%) | 390 (9.64%) | 2948 (72.88%) | |
| 60–69 | 188 (21.20%) | 44 (4.96%) | 68 (7.67%) | 587 (66.18%) | |
| 70–79 | 7 (28.00%) | 1 (4.00%) | 3 (12.00%) | 14 (56.00%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.20 ± 0.06 c | 21.62 ± 0.08 b | 21.90 ± 0.06 a | 21.74 ± 0.02 ab | <0.0001 |
| <18.5 | 97 (8.67%) | 24 (4.38%) | 35 (3.10%) | 382 (4.82%) | <0.0001 |
| 18.5–25 | 980 (87.58%) | 487 (88.87%) | 985 (87.17%) | 6902 (87.06%) | |
| ≥25 | 42 (3.75%) | 37 (6.75%) | 110 (9.73%) | 644 (8.12%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 71.59 ± 0.15 b | 80.37 ± 0.54 b | 72.13 ± 0.14 a | 71.83 ± 0.05 ab | 0.0046 |
| Smoking status | 0.0005 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1107 (98.93%) | 523 (95.44%) | 1104 (97.70%) | 7670 (96.75%) | |
| Past smoker | 5 (0.45%) | 10 (1.82%) | 5 (0.44%) | 78 (0.98%) | |
| Current smoker | 5 (0.45%) | 13 (2.37%) | 20 (1.77%) | 140 (1.77%) | |
| Physical activity (yes, %) | 476 (42.54%) | 233 (42.52%) | 413 (36.55%) | 3155 (39.80%) | 0.0092 |
| Educational level | <0.0001 | ||||
| Under middle school | 339 (30.29%) | 106 (19.34%) | 155 (13.72%) | 1619 (20.42%) | |
| High school | 492 (43.97%) | 267 (48.72%) | 561 (49.65%) | 3933 (49.61%) | |
| College or above | 272 (24.31%) | 174 (31.75%) | 405 (35.84%) | 2316 (29.21%) | |
| Alcohol consumption (yes, %) | 174 (15.55%) | 232 (42.34%) | 466 (41.24%) | 3032 (38.24%) | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| TG (mg/dL) | 77.43 ± 0.84 a | 74.07 ± 1.09 b | 73.31 ± 0.84 b | 74.91 ± 0.31 b | 0.0636 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 63.41 ± 0.31 b | 64.83 ± 0.46 a | 64.06 ± 0.31 ab | 64.20 ± 0.12 ab | 0.3941 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 86.13 ± 0.21 a | 86.00 ± 0.29 a | 85.86 ± 0.20 a | 86.02 ± 0.08 a | 0.8706 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 111.63 ± 0.30 a | 110.99 ± 0.40 ab | 110.64 ± 0.28 b | 111.15 ± 0.11 ab | 0.3168 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.66 ± 0.22 a | 68.79 ± 0.30 b | 69.45 ± 0.22 a | 69.47 ± 0.08 a | 0.1263 |
1p values of continuous variables (presented as mean ± standard error) were calculated using general linear models, and p values of categorical variables (presented as n (%)) were calculated using the chi-square test. Statistical significance was defined as a p value <0.05. The different alphabets in same row show significant difference of 0.05 based on Duncan test. Physical inactivity was defined as performing over 30 min of exercise less than twice a week. BMI, body mass index; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.