Table 2.
The association between total coffee consumption and the incidence of MetS and its five components (reference group: non–coffee consumers) 1.
| Coffee Consumption, Cups/Day | p for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ≤1 | 1–3 | >3 | ||
| Men (N = 3897) | 276 | 1071 | 1853 | 697 | |
| Median, range (cups/day) | 0, 0–0 | 0.75, 0.01–1.00 | 1.50, 1.04–3.00 | 3.50, 3.25–8.50 | |
| MetS | 11 (3.99%) | 53 (4.95%) | 101 (5.45%) | 34 (4.88%) | |
| Ref | 0.771 (0.399–1.491) | 0.823 (0.437–1.550) | 0.620 (0.305–1.258) | 0.1844 | |
| Abdominal obesity | 16 (5.80%) | 78 (7.28%) | 188 (10.15%) | 68 (9.76%) | |
| Ref | 0.870 (0.503–1.504) | 1.207 (0.717–2.031) | 1.120 (0.634–1.978) | 0.3118 | |
| High triglyceride | 24 (8.70%) | 123 (11.48%) | 263 (14.19%) | 101 (14.49%) | |
| Ref | 0.975 (0.628–1.514) | 1.117 (0.732–1.704) | 0.987 (0.625–1.559) | 0.8609 | |
| High blood pressure | 66 (23.91%) | 258 (24.09%) | 475 (25.63%) | 165 (23.67%) | |
| Ref | 0.788 (0.600–1.035) | 0.874 (0.673–1.136) | 0.855 (0.636–1.149) | 0.9718 | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 18 (6.52%) | 41 (3.83%) | 74 (3.99%) | 36 (5.16%) | |
| Ref | 0.445 (0.254–0.780) | 0.507 (0.299–0.859) | 0.611 (0.335–1.113) | <0.0001 | |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 78 (28.26%) | 271 (25.30%) | 505 (27.25%) | 192 (27.55%) | |
| 0.694 (0.538–0.895) | 0.763 (0.598–0.972) | 0.783 (0.596–1.030) | 0.9599 | ||
| Women (N = 10,725) | 1119 | 3390 | 5234 | 982 | |
| Median, range (cups/day) | 0, 0–0 | 0.75, 0.01–1.00 | 1.50, 1.07–3.00 | 3.50, 3.25–8.50 | |
| MetS | 35 (3.13%) | 99 (2.92%) | 171 (3.27%) | 35 (3.56%) | |
| Ref | 0.703 (0.475–1.041) | 0.935 (0.639–1.367) | 1.200 (0.730–1.972) | 0.0509 | |
| Abdominal obesity | 164 (14.66%) | 624 (18.41%) | 985 (18.82%) | 192 (19.55%) | |
| Ref | 0.974 (0.818–1.159) | 1.108 (0.934–1.315) | 1.234 (0.992–1.535) | 0.0043 | |
| High triglyceride | 96 (8.58%) | 277 (8.17%) | 377 (7.20%) | 58 (5.91%) | |
| Ref | 0.838 (0.662–1.061) | 0.850 (0.673–1.074) | 0.720 (0.511–1.013) | 0.1173 | |
| High blood pressure | 160 (14.30%) | 463 (13.66%) | 739 (14.12%) | 160 (16.29%) | |
| Ref | 0.885 (0.737–1.062) | 1.151 (0.964–1.374) | 1.588 (1.260–2.000) | <0.0001 | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 83 (7.42%) | 233 (6.87%) | 348 (6.65%) | 55 (5.60%) | |
| Ref | 0.828 (0.642–1.068) | 0.977 (0.762–1.252) | 0.883 (0.618–1.261) | 0.8671 | |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 135 (12.06%) | 451 (13.30%) | 697 (13.32%) | 145 (14.77%) | |
| Ref | 1.027 (0.845–1.248) | 1.248 (1.032–1.510) | 1.526 (1.193–1.953) | <0.0001 | |
1 Incidence was presented as n (%), and hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using Cox model after adjusting for continuous (age, BMI, and energy intake) and categorical (educational level, current drinking status, current smoking status, and physical activity) variables. p for trends were performed using a generalized linear model. MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. High triglyceride, serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; Low HDL-cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women; Abdominal obesity, waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women; High fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL; High blood pressure, systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg.