Table 4.
The association between the change of coffee consumption pattern and incidence of MetS and its five components (reference group: non–non consumers) 1.
| Non–Non | Non–Coffee | Coffee–Non | Coffee–Coffee | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (N = 3897) | 276 | 262 | 200 | 3159 |
| MetS | 11 (3.99%) | 18 (6.87%) | 11 (5.50%) | 159 (5.03%) |
| Ref | 1.241 (0.582–2.649) | 0.941 (0.397–2.229) | 0.724 (0.388–1.354) | |
| Abdominal obesity | 16 (5.80%) | 22 (8.40%) | 13 (6.50%) | 299 (9.47%) |
| Ref | 1.208 (0.629–2.321) | 0.895 (0.421–1.904) | 1.085 (0.648–1.815) | |
| High triglyceride | 24 (8.70%) | 35 (13.36%) | 23 (11.50%) | 429 (13.58%) |
| Ref | 1.063 (0.631–1.791) | 1.063 (0.599–1.888) | 1.048 (0.691–1.589) | |
| High blood pressure | 66 (23.91%) | 67 (25.57%) | 50 (25.00%) | 781 (24.72%) |
| Ref | 0.745 (0.529–1.049) | 0.839 (0.578–1.217) | 0.853 (0.660–1.101) | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 18 (6.52%) | 9 (3.44%) | 13 (6.50%) | 129 (4.08%) |
| Ref | 0.379 (0.169–0.849) | 0.832 (0.405–1.709) | 0.488 (0.293–0.811) | |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 78 (28.26%) | 73 (27.86%) | 47 (23.50%) | 848 (26.84%) |
| Ref | 0.683 (0.495–0.941) | 0.665 (0.461–0.959) | 0.754 (0.595–0.955) | |
| Women (N = 10,725) | 1119 | 697 | 729 | 8180 |
| MetS | 35 (3.13%) | 19 (2.73%) | 23 (3.16%) | 263 (3.22%) |
| Ref | 0.715 (0.408–1.251) | 0.821 (0.483–1.396) | 0.856 (0.593–1.237) | |
| Abdominal obesity | 164 (14.66%) | 127 (18.22%) | 129 (17.70%) | 1545 (18.89%) |
| Ref | 1.027 (0.814–1.295) | 1.000 (0.792–1.261) | 1.064 (0.902–1.257) | |
| High triglyceride | 96 (8.58%) | 61 (8.75%) | 55 (7.54%) | 596 (7.29%) |
| Ref | 0.943 (0.683–1.301) | 0.761 (0.545–1.062) | 0.834 (0.666–1.043) | |
| High blood pressure | 160 (14.30%) | 103 (14.78%) | 108 (14.81%) | 1151 (14.07%) |
| Ref | 0.978 (0.763–1.254) | 0.935 (0.732–1.195) | 1.070 (0.901–1.270) | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 83 (7.42%) | 44 (6.31%) | 54 (7.41%) | 538 (6.58%) |
| Ref | 0.812 (0.563–1.172) | 0.885 (0.627–1.249) | 0.916 (0.720–1.164) | |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 135 (12.06%) | 94 (13.49%) | 100 (13.72%) | 1099 (13.44%) |
| Ref | 1.084 (0.832–1.412) | 1.022 (0.788–1.325) | 1.189 (0.988–1.430) |
1 Incidence was presented as n (%), and hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox model after adjusting continuous (age, BMI, and energy intake) and categorical (educational level, current drinking status, current smoking status, and physical activity) variables. Non–non: non-consumer both at baseline and follow-up; non–coffee: coffee consumption only at follow-up; coffee–non: coffee consumption only at baseline; coffee–coffee: drinking coffee both at baseline and at follow-up. High triglyceride, serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; Low HDL-cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women; Abdominal obesity, waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women; High fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL; High blood pressure, systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg.