Figure 3.

(A) Scheme of the model proposed by Woller and Gonze [86]. The release of insulin by the pancreas is controlled by the pancreatic circadian clock and by the level of circulating glucose, the latter being directly dependent on feeding. The pancreatic clock is controlled both by the light-dependent SCN clock and by the blood glucose. (B) Summary of the results obtained with the model [86]. In normal conditions, when light and food cues are aligned, the clock optimally mediates the response so that the output (insulin) reaches a high level when needed to store glucose. Under conflicting conditions, the expression of clock genes is altered (twisted clock), and this translates into an impaired output (phase shifted and low level of insulin rhythm and hyperglycemia).