Table 1.

Summary of the main ROS sources in mitochondria. Respiratory enzymes are able to produce ROS in forward and reverse reactions, as well as under specific physiological conditions, such during acute hypoxia. Biological material is underlined.

Name and Source	System	Substrate(s)/Conditions	Potentiator(s)	Inhibitor(s)	References
FET (CI and CIIIo)	Tissues, cells, and isolated mitochondria	Cells and Tissues: standard culture media Isolated Mitochondria: pyruvate, malate and glutamate	Rotenone, Piericidin A or Antimycin A	DPI, myxothiazol, stigmatellin or mucidin	[25,26,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]
RET (CIN)	Cells and isolated mitochondria	Succinate or G3P	CV inhibitors or ATP	CI and CII inhibitors and OXPHOS uncouplers (FCCP)	[13,16,20,22,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,44]
CIIIo	Cells and isolated mitochondria	NADH or succinate	Antimycin A	Myxothiazol or stigmatellin	[29,30,51]
CII-derived forward ROS production	Isolated mitochondria	Low succinate concentration, CI and CIII inhibited	-	Malonate	[49]
CII-derived reverse ROS production	Isolated mitochondria	Ubiquinol concentration, CI and CIII inhibited	-	Atpenin A5 and malonate	[49]
Hypoxic ROS	Tissues, cells and isolated mitochondria	Cells and Tissues: normal culture media Isolated Mitochondria: Malate, glutamate, CaCl2 and NaCl	Monensin, Nigericin, FCCP (in normoxic cells)	Rotenone, piericidin A, myxothiazol, malonate, NCLX inhibitors (preincubated)	[52]