Table 4.

An overview of tissue-engineered 3D skin models from human primary cells and their limitations (from Broek et al., 2017 [38]).

Model	Commercially Available	Advantages/Disadvantages	Ref.
Reconstructed epidermis	Yes: EpiDerm™, EpiSkin™, SkinEthic™, epiCS® No: in house models	+: differentiated epidermis from keratinocytes −: only keratinocytes, no dermal compartment present, or immune cells	[39,40]
Pigmented Reconstructed epidermis	Yes: MelanoDerm No: in house models	+: pigmented differentiated epidermis from keratinocytes and melanocytes −: no living dermal compartment, immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages, or blood vessels present	[41,42]
Full-thickness skin models	Yes: EpiDerm-FT, Phenion-FT, LabSkin No: in house models	+: differentiated epidermis on the fibroblast-populated dermis −: no immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages, or blood vessels	[43,44,45,46]
Three-layered skin model	No: in house models	+: differentiated epidermis on fibroblast-populated dermis on an adipocyte/ASC populated hypodermis −: no immune cells or appendages	[47,48,49]
Full-thickness skin model containing EC	No: in house models	+: differentiated epidermis on fibroblast and endothelial cell (show vessel-like structures) populated dermis −: no immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages, or perfused blood vessels	[50,51]
Skin equivalent with integrated Langerhans Cells	No: in house model	+: pigmented skin model containing functional MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans −: no adipose tissue, appendages, or blood vessels	[52,53]