The efficacy of MSC transplantation in all rats and mice with SCI. Data shown as forest plots for extracted data from MSC transplant studies in all rats and mice. As shown, there were significant increases in functional outcome in both species. The mouse studies included one study with an MSC transplants in the acute phase [92] and two studies with MSC transplants in the sub-acute phase [28,37]. Forest plots are shown of standardised mean differences; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval. Heterogeneity was determined by Chi2 and I2 tests, whilst a z test determined overall effect size.