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. 2021 Mar 5;11(3):387. doi: 10.3390/biom11030387

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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TAGE cytotoxicity against cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. GA accumulation in cardiomyocytes leads to TAGE-induced modifications in cellular components, including proteins. TAGE may be released from dead cardiomyocytes; however, extracellular TAGE do not suppress cardiomyocyte pulsation or induce cell death in cardiomyocytes via the TAGE-RAGE axis. The intracellular generation of TAGE in cardiac fibroblasts and their cytotoxicity, and the effects of extracellular TAGE on cardiac fibroblasts have not yet been elucidated. GA: glyceraldehyde; LC3 (MAP1LC3): microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; RAGE: receptor for AGEs; TAGE: toxic AGEs.