Circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores in the study participants according to MetS status. Mean ± SD, tested after log transformation of the data; tested by the one-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni method and with the general linear model after adjustment for confounding factors (age, total calorie intake, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and/or menopausal status); P0: Unadjusted p-value; P1: P-value adjusted for confounding factors. Values sharing the same alphabet indicate no statistically significant differences among them. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; MetS: Metabolic syndrome.