Table 1.

The different processing methods of protectants for Lactobacillus casei K17.

Treatment Group	Protectants Formula of L. casei K17
Blank	100% sterile normal saline + 109 CFU/mL L. casei K17
Monolayer	10% sterile skim milk powder or trehalose + 90% sterile normal saline + 109 CFU/mL L. casei K17
Bilayer	10% sterile skim milk powder + 1% sterile water-soluble phytoglycogen nanoparticles + 89% sterile normal saline + 109 CFU/mL L. casei K17
Trilayer	10% sterile Pickering emulsions + 10% skim milk powder + 1% sterile water-soluble phytoglycogen nanoparticles + 79% sterile normal saline + 109 CFU/mL L. casei K17