Table 2.

Significant preclinical and clinical studies on the features of saRNA-based therapeutics.

Disease Condition	Gene	Comments	Ref.
Advanced liver cancer	CEBPA	The first clinical trial for saRNA-based therapeutics (NCT ID: NCT02716012; company: Mina Alpha Limited; phase 1). MTL-CEBPA shows favorable safety and promising synergistic effects in combination with TKIs.	[64]
Adult solid tumors	CEBPA	A new clinical trial of MTL-CEBPA in combination with pembrolizumab (NCT ID: NCT04105335; Phase 1; recruitment status: Recruiting).	[65]
Prostate cancer	P21	Proliferation inhibition and tumor shrinkage.	[58]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	P21	Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of invasion and migration.	[10]
Non-small-cell lung carcinomas	P21	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. In vivo: Inhibition of tumor growth.	[59]
Pancreatic cancer	P21	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. In vivo: Inhibition of tumor growth; high safety.	[66]
Bladder cancer	P21	Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction.	[67]
HCC	WT1	Proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.	[68]
Prostate cancer	Ecad	Inhibition of invasion and migration.	[69]
Bladder cancer	Ecad	Inhibition of invasion and migration.	[70]
Breast cancer	Ecad	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of invasion and migration. In vivo: Tumor growth inhibition	[71]
Prostate cancer	KLF4	Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of invasion and migration.	[72]
Malignant pheochromocytoma	TP53	In vitro: Cell cycle arrest, proliferation inhibition, and apoptosis induction. In vivo: Tumor shrinkage.	[73]
Breast cancer	HIC-1	Proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.	[74]
Bladder and prostate cancer	PAWR	Proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.	[75]
Prostate cancer	NKX3-1	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction. In vivo: Tumor growth inhibition.	[76]
Nephrolithiasis	TRPV5	In vitro: TRPV5 expression induction. In vivo: TRPV5 expression induction and reduction in the formation of CaOx kidney stone.	[77]
Renal cell carcinoma	VHL	Cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction.	[78]
HCC	NIS	Apoptosis induction and viability reduction of cancer cells.	[79]
Bladder cancer	P21	Tumor Shrinkage	[80]
HCC	CEBPA	In vitro: CEBPA overexpression. In vivo: Tumor growth inhibition and tumor shrinkage.	[64]
HCC	CEBPA	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition. In vivo: Tumor burden reduction.	[81]
HCC	CEBPA	In vitro: Cell migration and invasion inhibition. In vivo: Metastasis inhibition	[82]
Colorectal cancer	P21	In vitro: Apoptosis induction, proliferation inhibition, and cell migration and invasion inhibition. In vivo: Tumor growth inhibition.	[83]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	CEBPA	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition. In vivo: Tumor shrinkage.	[84]
Prostate cancer	DPYSL3	In vitro: Proliferation inhibition and cell migration and invasion inhibition. In vivo: Metastasis inhibition	[85]
Diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction	Nos2	In vitro: iNos overexpression. In vivo: iNos overexpression and enhancement of peak intracavernous pressure.	[86]
Human metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer	Notch1	In vitro: Cell migration and invasion suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis inhibition. In vivo: Tumor growth inhibition and suppression of VEGF and AR pathways mechanisms.	[87]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	HNF4A	In vitro: Increase in the expression level of HNF4A, CYP450, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. In vivo: Liver triglyceride reduction, high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) ratio enhancement, and white adipose tissue/body weight ratio reduction.	[88]
Endometrial carcinoma	FHIT	Proliferation, invasion, and metastasis inhibition.	[89]

Supplementary Table S1 provides more experimental details on the same studies mentioned in Table 2.