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. 2021 Mar 5;10(3):539. doi: 10.3390/foods10030539

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 9 — Partitioning of a representative phenolic acid antioxidant (gallic acid, GA) between oil and water phases. Appreciable ionization only takes place in the water phase. When GA is completely protonated, P_W^O(app) = P_W^O. Adapted from ref [74].