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. 2021 Mar 16;22(6):3005. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063005

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic depicting atrial, ventricular and sinoatrial nodal action potential waveforms and their underlying ionic currents. Horizontal orange and blue lines represent inward and outward cellular currents, respectively. I_Na, inward sodium. I_CaT, T-type calcium. I_CaL, L-type calcium. I_to1f, fast transient outward. I_to1s, slow transient outward. I_Kur, ultra-rapid potassium delayed rectifier. I_Ks, slow potassium delayed rectifier. I_Kr, rapid potassium delayed rectifier. I_K1, inward rectifier. I_KATP, ADP-activated potassium channel. I_KACh, muscarinic-gated potassium channel. I_f, “funny” current. I_NCX, sodium/potassium exchange current.