Table 1.

Overview of protocols for the generation of subtype-specific cardiomyocytes involving the manipulation of cardiac development signalling pathways.

Subtype-Specific Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Protocol	Main Finding
	~51–65% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency ~94% atrial-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation ~83% ventricular-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation [100].
	~51% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency ~85% atrial-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation ~80% ventricular-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation [115].
	~70–98% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency Upregulation of atrial-specific genes following RA treatment Upregulation of ventricular-specific genes without RA treatment [22].
	~87–90.5% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency ~94.7% atrial-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation ~77.8% ventricular-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation [23].
	~93–94% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency RA treatment increased atrial specific genes, and tissue had a similar pharmacological response to muscarinic agonist as native atrial tissue [116].
	~85% atrial-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation ~86% ventricular-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation [117].
	~98% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency ~91.5% efficiency of ventricular-specific differentiation with 87% cardiac differentiation efficiency [118].
	80–95% cardiac differentiation efficiency, with 50-60% of cardiomyocytes displaying ventricular specific APs and ventricular-specific genes [119].
	100% of cardiomyocytes displayed ventricular-like action potential parameters, with 89.42% cardiac differentiation efficiency [108].
	~80% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency. ~90% ventricular-specific differentiation ~90% pacemaker-specific differentiation. hiPSC-derived sinoatrial nodal cells demonstrated pacing ability when transplanted into rat hearts [107].
	~85% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency. Wnt-activated hiPSC-cardiomyocytes expressed significantly elevated expression of pacemaker-related genes with pacemaker-like APs [111].
	~60% cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency. Wnt signalling promoted pacemaker lineage, whereas Wnt inhibition yielded chamber-specific cardiomyocytes [101].

Yellow, blue and pink represent atrial, ventricular and pacemaker-like cardiomyocyte differentiation, respectively. CDM3: chemically defined medium, 3 components: RPMI 1640, L-ascorbic 2-phosphate, and rice-derived recombinant human albumin. CDM3L: CDM3 without D-glucose and supplemented with sodium DL-lactate.