Table 2.
Results of the main longitudinal studies examining the association between HDL CEC and CV risk.
| Longitudinal Studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Study Population | Main Findings | OD/HR/r and p Value |
| Rohatgi A. et al., 2014 [58] | 2924 subjects free from CVD | HDL CEC was inversely associated with the incidence of CV events after adjustment for traditional risk factors. | OR: 0.33 |
| Saleheen D. et al., 2015 [59] | 1745 initially healthy subjects who later developed fatal or non-fatal CHD; 1749 controls | HDL CEC was inversely associated with incidence of CHD events after the adjustment for CV risk factors and HDL-C. | OR: 0.64 |
| Patel P.J. et al., 2013 [62] | 23 subjects with CAD and EF < 50%; 46 control subjects without CAD and EF > 55% | Low HDL CEC was a significant risk factors for HF | OR: 2.1 p = 0.03 |
| Khera A.V. et al., 2017 [72] | 314 subjects with CVD; 314 controls | On-statin HDL CEC was inversely associated with the incidence of CVD 1, although HDL particle number emerged as the strongest predictor 2. |
1 OR: 0.62 p = 0.02 2 OR:0.51 p < 0.001 |
| Ritsch A. et al., 2015 [73] | 2450 healthy subjects undergoing coronary angiography | Inverse correlation between CEC and CV mortality in a fully adjusted model that included traditional CV risk factor. | HR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.64 |
| Chindhy et al., 2018 [74] | 2895 subjects without baseline CVD; 210 of them with baseline CKD | No significant interaction between CEC and CKD on associations with ASCVD 1 and total CVD 2. |
1 HR: 1.30 p = 0.01 2 HR: 1.15 p = 0.05 |
| Javaheri et al., 2016 [75] | 35 patients with CAV 1 year after heart transplantation | Reduced CEC was independently associated with disease progression and mortality in CAV patients. | OR: 0.35 p = 0.048 |
| Kopecki et al., 2017 [76] | 1147 patients with T2DM and undergoing hemodialysis | No association between CEC and CVD mortality 1, cardiac events 2, and all-cause mortality 3. |
1 HR: 0.96 p = 0.42 2 HR: 0.92 p = 0.11 3 HR: 0.96 p = 0.39 |
| Liu et al., 2016 [77] | 1737 patients with CAD | CEC was an independent factor to predict all-cause 1 and CV mortality 2 in patients with CAD | Q4 vs. Q1 1 HR: 0.24 p = 0.001 2 HR: 0.17 p = 0.001 |
| Mody et al., 2016 [78] | 1972 patients with/without CAD | CEC was inversely associated with ASCVD among subjects with CAC 1, FH 2 and elevated hsCRP 3. |
1 HR: 0.40 2 HR: 0.31 3 HR: 0.37 |
| Soria-Florido et al., 2020 [79] | 167 patients with ACS; 334 controls | CEC was inversely associated with ACS incidence 1 and MI 2. |
1 OR: 0.58 2 OR: 0.33 |
| Ebtehaj S. et al., 2019 [71] | 351 subjects with CVD developed during follow-up; 354 controls | CEC was significantly associated with the future development of CVD events independently of HDL-C and ApoA-I plasma levels | OR: 0.73 p < 0.001 |
| Riggs K.A. et al., 2019 [80] | 2643 health subjects with < 65 years | GlycA was directly associated with HDL-C and ApoA-I, while it was inversely correlated with CEC | HR for Q4 vs. Q1: 3.00 |
| Annema et al., 2016 [82] | 495 patients that underwent renal transplantation | CEC was not associated with future CV mortality 1 or all-cause mortality 2, while it was found to predict graft failure 3. |
1 HR: 1.014 p = 0.92 2 HR: 0.908 p = 0.35 3 HR: 0.428 p = 0.001 |
| Shea S. et al., 2019 [83] | 465 cases with incident CV events; 465 controls | CEC was significantly associated with lower odds of CVD 1, higher CEC was associated with lower risk of incident CHD 2. |
1 OR = 0.82 p = 0.031 2 OR = 0.72 p = 0.007 |
| Garg p.K. et al., 2020 [84] | 1458 patients that developed incident clinical or subclinical PAD during 6 years of follow-up | High CEC was not significantly associated with incident clinical PAD 1, or subclinical PAD 2 |
1 HR: 1.25 2 HR: 1.02 |
ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ASCVD; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAV: cardiac allograft vasculopathy; CEC: cholesterol efflux capacity; CHD: coronary heart disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: Cardiovascular; CVD: CV disease; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease.