Table 2.
Physicochemical parameters and antioxidant activity of honey samples. HMF—hydroxymethylfurfural, F/G—fructose/glucose ratio, TPC—total phenolic content, TFC—total flavonoids content, ACW—water-soluble antioxidants, ACL—lipid-soluble antioxidants, L*—lightness/darkness, a*—greenness/redness, b*—blueness/yellowness.
| Sample | Electrical Conductivity (mS cm−1) | Moisture (%) | Invertase Activity (U kg−1) | Free Acidity (mmol kg−1) | Diastase (Schade Unit) | HMF (mg kg−1) | Fructose (g 100 g−1) | Glucose (g 100 g−1) | F/G | TPC (mg GAE 100 g−1) | TFC (mg QE 100 g−1) | ACW (mg AAE 100 g−1) | ACL (mg TE 100 g−1) | L* | a* | b* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.5 | 18.2 | 188.0 | 17.0 | 32.2 | 3.7 | 38.0 | 35.7 | 1.1 | 37.5 | 3.0 | 84.5 | 23.9 | 85.4 | −0.3 | 43.4 |
| 2 | 0.4 | 19.8 | 126.0 | 40.0 | 33.8 | 6.8 | 36.5 | 34.8 | 1.1 | 53.6 | 3.4 | 118.4 | 31.2 | 72.8 | 5.8 | 44.0 |
| 3 | 0.3 | 16.8 | 133.0 | 20.0 | 29.2 | 8.4 | 38.1 | 33.1 | 1.2 | 38.3 | 3.2 | 65.1 | 20.1 | 84.9 | 1.3 | 38.6 |
| 4 | 0.6 | 20.0 | 206.0 | 35.0 | 48.6 | 6.1 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 1.2 | 53.9 | 3.5 | 55.5 | 17.3 | 82.3 | 2.3 | 42.3 |
| 5 | 0.3 | 20.0 | 124.0 | 18.0 | 22.0 | 5.0 | 37.3 | 37.8 | 1.0 | 28.3 | 2.5 | 37.8 | 18.4 | 88.1 | −1.7 | 26.7 |
| 6 | 0.4 | 15.6 | 132.0 | 21.0 | 26.0 | 7.2 | 39.2 | 34.0 | 1.2 | 41.1 | 3.1 | 56.0 | 20.1 | 84.3 | 0.3 | 39.2 |
| 7 | 0.4 | 19.1 | 167.0 | 26.0 | 34.4 | 8.2 | 38.5 | 35.4 | 1.1 | 50.4 | 4.3 | 200.4 | 40.7 | 78.4 | 6.2 | 48.9 |
| 8 | 0.2 | 18.0 | 199.0 | 25.0 | 40.8 | 6.9 | 39.8 | 36.2 | 1.1 | 28.8 | 1.9 | 81.4 | 16.5 | 88.4 | −1.1 | 29.1 |
| 9 | 0.3 | 19.5 | 50.6 | 38.0 | 19.6 | 19.5 | 36.8 | 35.6 | 1.0 | 34.8 | 3.3 | 66.5 | 16.9 | 85.6 | −0.7 | 31.6 |
| 10 | 0.2 | 20.3 | 118.0 | 16.0 | 21.6 | 6.0 | 38.7 | 36.4 | 1.1 | 27.9 | 3.1 | 77.0 | 17.2 | 88.6 | −1.6 | 27.5 |
| 11 | 0.2 | 19.8 | 114.0 | 22.0 | 26.3 | 11.5 | 36.5 | 35.3 | 1.0 | 30.9 | 3.1 | 96.8 | 20.5 | 85.4 | −0.1 | 33.5 |
| 12 | 0.3 | 18.3 | 93.5 | 20.0 | 22.5 | 8.9 | 39.2 | 36.9 | 1.1 | 35.2 | 2.8 | 84.8 | 18.2 | 86.6 | −0.6 | 36.2 |
| 13 | 0.3 | 16.4 | 63.9 | 18.0 | 21.1 | 11.8 | 38.3 | 35.5 | 1.1 | 29.8 | 2.1 | 78.4 | 18.1 | 88.0 | −1.4 | 30.9 |
| 14 | 0.5 | 20.4 | 168.0 | 25.0 | 24.6 | 5.0 | 38.4 | 33.0 | 1.2 | 49.0 | 3.9 | 140.6 | 31.5 | 83.5 | 1.6 | 51.8 |
| 15 | 0.4 | 19.1 | 153.0 | 27.0 | 30.9 | 6.5 | 37.8 | 32.9 | 1.1 | 48.4 | 3.2 | 135.3 | 27.0 | 83.8 | 2.7 | 43.5 |
| 16 | 0.2 | 17.4 | 82.8 | 12.0 | 17.7 | 9.1 | 38.8 | 35.4 | 1.1 | 26.2 | 2.4 | 69.2 | 19.4 | 90.4 | −1.1 | 29.6 |
| 17 | 0.7 | 20.4 | 114.0 | 39.0 | 58.8 | 7.8 | 39.7 | 31.6 | 1.3 | 88.7 | 6.4 | 245.3 | 60.7 | 65.3 | 9.1 | 37.8 |
| 18 | 0.2 | 18.5 | 74.1 | 21.0 | 25.6 | 9.2 | 39.5 | 37.0 | 1.1 | 33.7 | 3.5 | 87.0 | 20.7 | 84.4 | 0.3 | 35.8 |
| 19 | 0.3 | 19.3 | 119.0 | 23.0 | 24.9 | 7.2 | 37.5 | 36.8 | 1.0 | 40.3 | 3.3 | 113.9 | 21.4 | 85.4 | 2.0 | 44.4 |
| 20 | 0.4 | 17.6 | 184.0 | 16.0 | 28.1 | 5.6 | 38.4 | 34.2 | 1.1 | 38.7 | 3.0 | 87.5 | 17.8 | 86.3 | 0.4 | 40.6 |
| 21 | 0.7 | 17.8 | 182.0 | 23.0 | 22.5 | 9.4 | 38.5 | 30.2 | 1.3 | 52.6 | 4.3 | 105.9 | 22.8 | 81.2 | 3.0 | 46.5 |
| 22 | 0.5 | 18.2 | 102.0 | 20.0 | 15.4 | 5.1 | 41.1 | 29.2 | 1.4 | 40.2 | 3.8 | 85.7 | 14.4 | 85.5 | 0.6 | 40.8 |
| 23 | 0.8 | 15.6 | 168.0 | 14.0 | 21.1 | 6.5 | 41.5 | 29.9 | 1.4 | 46.4 | 4.2 | 82.0 | 16.6 | 83.5 | 1.9 | 46.6 |
| 24 | 0.7 | 19.9 | 172.0 | 31.0 | 39.1 | 9.2 | 44.5 | 37.4 | 1.2 | 50.7 | 5.7 | 176.9 | 31.9 | 82.8 | 3.8 | 47.6 |
| 25 | 0.3 | 20.7 | 145.0 | 23.0 | 26.4 | 8.4 | 46.4 | 37.9 | 1.2 | 35.6 | 2.8 | 105.4 | 25.2 | 87.1 | −0.2 | 36.9 |
| 26 | 0.3 | 20.9 | 124.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 5.9 | 44.9 | 39.7 | 1.1 | 30.8 | 2.4 | 138.3 | 27.7 | 86.2 | 0.6 | 34.9 |
| 27 | 0.3 | 20.0 | 189.0 | 21.0 | 25.4 | 7.8 | 45.9 | 36.9 | 1.2 | 34.7 | 2.7 | 96.6 | 22.8 | 86.7 | 0.1 | 36.1 |
| 28 | 0.5 | 18.3 | 50.4 | 43.0 | 35.5 | 5.9 | 37.6 | 32.6 | 1.2 | 68.6 | 5.3 | 299.3 | 32.5 | 76.8 | 12.5 | 60.3 |
| 29 | 0.5 | 18.9 | 231.0 | 35.0 | 36.2 | 10.0 | 37.4 | 32.6 | 1.1 | 56.5 | 4.9 | 311.2 | 37.0 | 76.7 | 12.3 | 58.7 |
| 30 | 0.2 | 19.2 | 228.0 | 23.0 | 37.1 | 3.5 | 40.7 | 38.8 | 1.0 | 26.8 | 2.6 | 73.7 | 17.1 | 88.3 | −1.2 | 25.6 |
| Average | 0.4 | 18.8 | 140.0 | 24.3 | 28.8 | 7.7 | 39.4 | 34.8 | 1.1 | 41.9 | 3.5 | 115.2 | 24.2 | 83.7 | 1.9 | 39.6 |
| SD | 0.2 | 1.4 | 49.8 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 13.8 | 1.0 | 67.9 | 9.6 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 8.8 |
| Min. | 0.2 | 15.6 | 50.4 | 12.0 | 15.4 | 3.5 | 36.5 | 29.2 | 1.0 | 26.2 | 1.9 | 37.8 | 14.4 | 65.3 | −1.7 | 25.6 |
| Max. | 0.8 | 20.9 | 231.0 | 43.0 | 58.8 | 19.5 | 46.4 | 39.7 | 1.4 | 88.7 | 6.4 | 311.2 | 60.7 | 90.4 | 12.5 | 60.3 |