Figure 3.

Temporal evolution of time- and frequency-domain HRV markers in all patients. Bar graphs show RR mean (μ_RR), RR variance (σ²_RR), and absolute (HFa_RR) and normalized (HFnu_RR) power in the HF band in all patients. Indices were calculated hour-by-hour in the 4 h preceding (PRE) and the first 4 h following the onset of the HAE attack (ONGOING) on the day of the attack (Day_Attack, white bars), and compared to data during the same circadian phase on the day before (Day_BEFORE_Attack, black bars). Results shown as mean ± standard deviation.