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. 2021 Mar 16;9(3):305. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9030305

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of action for nanomaterial-mediated PTT effects in the tumor microenvironment. Nanomaterials accumulate within solid tumors that have a leaky tumor vasculature via the EPR effect. The nanomaterials have strong absorbance in the NIR window and can efficiently convert the laser energy to heat. For tumor ablation, the heat (>42 °C) generated during the excited PTT agents’ vibrational relaxation induces the photothermal effect, which results in the necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis of tumor tissue.