. 2021 Mar 17;10(6):1238. doi: 10.3390/jcm10061238

Table 1.

Clinical data on stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR).

Date	1st Author; Type	#, Irradiation Method	Median Age	Etiology; Mean LVEF (%)	Median Follow-Up (Months)	Description of Treatment Outcome and Toxicity
July 2014	Cvek [23]; Case report	1; CK	72	Dilated cardiomyopathy; 25%	4	- No episode of malignant arrhythmia for 4 months
July 2014	Cvek [23]; Case report	1; CK	72	Dilated cardiomyopathy; 25%	4	- No signs of toxicity
June 2015	Loo [24]; Case report	1; CK	71	Ischemic; 24%	9	- Frequent nonsustained and pace-terminated VT occurred 3 months post-STAR after reducing the dose of sotalol and mexiletine
June 2015	Loo [24]; Case report	1; CK	71	Ischemic; 24%	9	- Recurrent VT and COPD exacerbation at 9 months after STAR followed by death
December 2017	Cuculich [10]; Case series	5; C-arm	62	Mostly non-ischemic (60%); 23%	12	- VT episodes decreased by 99.9% after a 6 week blanking period in all patients
December 2017	Cuculich [10]; Case series	5; C-arm	62	Mostly non-ischemic (60%); 23%	12	- No clinically significant STAR-related adverse effects. One patient died of a stroke at 3 weeks after treatment, unclear association with STAR
November 2018	Robinson [11]; Clinical trial	19; C-arm	66	Mostly ischemic (58%); 25% ^	13	- 50% and 95% reduction in VT episodes or 24 h PVC burden in 94% and 61% of the patients, respectively
November 2018	Robinson [11]; Clinical trial	19; C-arm	66	Mostly ischemic (58%); 25% ^	13	- Two grade III treatment-related SAE (heart failure exacerbation, pericarditis), no grade 4 toxicity
December 2018	Neuwirth [12]; Case series	10; CK	64	Mostly ischemic (80%); 26.5%	28	- VT burden decreased by 87.5% over 28 months
December 2018	Neuwirth [12]; Case series	10; CK	64	Mostly ischemic (80%); 26.5%	28	- Mild toxicity, one case of possibly related grade III toxicity within follow-up period—gradually progressing mitral regurgitation
September 2019	Lloyd [34]; Case series	10; C-arm	61	Mostly nonischemic (60%); N/A	6 *	- 69% reduction of VT burden in evaluable patients (8/10) within 176 day, 94% reduction after excluding the single non-responder (7/10)
September 2019	Lloyd [34]; Case series	10; C-arm	61	Mostly nonischemic (60%); N/A	6 *	- Two patients with mild clinical and radiographic signs of pneumonitis responsive to steroid therapy, one patient resuscitated due to VT during STAR treatment
March 2020	Gianni [36]; Clinical trial	5; CK	61	Mostly ischemic (80%); 34%	12 *	- Clinically significant VT recurrence in all patients
March 2020	Gianni [36]; Clinical trial	5; CK	61	Mostly ischemic (80%); 34%	12 *	- No STAR-related acute or early radiation complications, however, two of the patients died of heart failure exacerbation at 10 and 12 months
August 2020	Chin [35]; Case series	8; C-arm	74	Ischemic/nonischemic (even); 21%	7.8	- No statistically significant difference between the total number of ICD therapies (VT episodes, ATP/ICD shocks) recorded 3-month pre- and post-STAR. “Apparent clinical benefit” was observed in 33% of the patients.
August 2020	Chin [35]; Case series	8; C-arm	74	Ischemic/nonischemic (even); 21%	7.8	- No acute periprocedural complications. Two non-STAR-related deaths at 2 months, one unclear (multiple ICD shock till 6th week, opted out of ICD therapy).

#—number of cases; LVEF—left ventricle ejection fraction; ATP—antitachycardia pacing; ICD—implantable cardioverter–defibrillator; STAR—stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation; VT—ventricular tachycardia; CK—CyberKnife. ^—median *—mean.