Table 2.
Meta-analyses on differential expression of substance P (SP)/NK-1R in head & neck tumorigenesis and associated factors.
| Pooled Data | Heterogeneity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meta-Analyses | No. of Studies * |
No. of Tumors |
Stat. Model | Wt | PP (95% CI) | p-Value | Phet | I2
(%) |
Supplementary Materials a |
| 1. All tumors | |||||||||
| All b | 38 | 1308 | REM | D-L | 40.52% (24.23–57.78) | ── | <0.001 | 96.89 | Figure 3 |
| Classification of tumors by malignant behavior c | 0.004 d | Figure 3 | |||||||
| Benign | 9 | 289 | REM | D-L | 11.86% (1.23–28.31) | <0.001 | 88.2 | ||
| Pre-malignant | 6 | 460 | REM | D-L | 69.25% (35.34–94.52) | <0.001 | 98.2 | ||
| Malignant | 23 | 559 | REM | D-L | 45.04% (22.54, 68.48) | <0.001 | 95.8 | ||
| Classification of tumors by malignant behavior —combining the pre-malignant and malignant groups- c |
0.002 d | Figure S1, p. 6 | |||||||
| Benign | 9 | 289 | REM | D-L | 11.86% (1.23–28.31) | <0.001 | 88.2 | ||
| Non-Benign | 29 | 1019 | REM | D-L | 50.93% (32.13–69.61) | <0.001 | 96.6 | ||
| Paired analysis by malignant behavior | 0.003 | Figure S2, p. 7 | |||||||
| Benign | 9 | 289 | REM | D-L | 11.86% (1.23–28.31) | <0.001 | 88.2 | ||
| Pre-malignant | 6 | 460 | REM | D-L | 69.25% (35.34–94.52) | <0.001 | 98.2 | ||
| Paired analysis by malignant behavior | 0.02 | Figure S3, p. 8 | |||||||
| Benign | 9 | 289 | REM | D-L | 11.86% (1.23–28.31) | <0.001 | 88.2 | ||
| Malignant | 23 | 559 | REM | D-L | 45.04% (22.54, 68.48) | <0.001 | 95.8 | ||
| Paired analysis by malignant behavior | 0.24 | Figure S4, p. 9 | |||||||
| Pre-malignant | 6 | 460 | REM | D-L | 69.25% (35.34–94.52) | <0.001 | 98.2 | ||
| Malignant | 23 | 559 | REM | D-L | 45.04% (22.54, 68.48) | <0.001 | 95.8 | ||
| 2. Benign tumors | |||||||||
| Benign tumors by geographical area c | <0.001 d | Figure S5, p. 10 | |||||||
| Asian | 4 | 112 | REM | D-L | 0.00% (0.00–0.00) | 0.74 | 0.0 | ||
| Non-Asian | 5 | 177 | REM | D-L | 26.43% (15.41–39.01) | 0.04 | 60.96 | ||
| Benign tumors by anatomical site c | <0.001 d | Figure S6, p. 11 | |||||||
| Larynx | 1 | 11 | ── | ── | 36.36% (15.17–64.62) | ── | ── | ||
| Nasal cavity | 1 | 20 | ── | ── | 25.00% (11.19–46.87) | ── | ── | ||
| Oral cavity | 2 | 128 | REM | D-L | 21.88% (15.04–29.56) | ── | ── | ||
| Salivary gland | 4 | 112 | REM | D-L | 0.00% (0.00–0.00) | 0.76 | 0.0 | ||
| Head and neck mixed | 1 | 18 | ── | ── | 38.89% (20.31–61.38) | ── | ── | ||
| Benign tumors by histological type c | <0.001 d | Figure S7, p. 12 | |||||||
| Glandular | 4 | 112 | REM | D-L | 0.00% (0.00–0.00) | 0.76 | 0.0 | ||
| Squamous | 4 | 159 | REM | D-L | 24.17% (12.56–37.86) | 0.04 | 64.01 | ||
| Nervous | 1 | 18 | ── | ── | 38.89% (20.31–61.38) | ── | ── | ||
| Benign tumors by biomarker c | 0.85 d | Figure S8, p. 13 | |||||||
| SP | 8 | 226 | REM | D-L | 11.77% (0.11–32.64) | <0.001 | 89.64 | ||
| NK-1R | 1 | 63 | ── | ── | 12.70% (6.58–23.11) | ── | ── | ||
| 3. Pre-malignant tissues | |||||||||
| Pre-malignant tissues by geographical area c | ── | ── | |||||||
| Asian | 0 | 0 | ── | ── | ── | ── | ── | ||
| Non-Asian | 6 | 460 | REM | D-L | 69.25% (35.34–94.52) | <0.001 | 98.2 | ||
| Pre-malignant tissues by anatomical site c | 0.02 d | Figure S9, p. 14 | |||||||
| Larynx | 2 | 194 | REM | D-L | 94.42% (90.63–97.34) | ── | ── | ||
| Oral cavity | 4 | 266 | REM | D-L | 52.24% (13.57–89.40) | 0.001 | 97.94 | ||
| Pre-malignant tissues by histological type c | ── | ── | |||||||
| Squamous | 6 | 460 | REM | D-L | 69.25% (35.34–94.52) | <0.001 | 98.2 | ||
| Other | 0 | 0 | ── | ── | ── | ── | ── | ||
| Pre-malignant tissues by clinical type c | <0.001 d | Figure S10, p. 15 | |||||||
| OLP | 2 | 100 | REM | D-L | 61.30% (51.45–70.72) | ── | ── | ||
| ANTE-OSCC | 2 | 166 | REM | D-L | 43.27% (35.78–50.93) | ── | ── | ||
| ANTE-LSCC | 2 | 194 | REM | D-L | 94.42% (90.63–97.34) | ── | ── | ||
| Pre-malignant tissues by biomarker c | 0.13 d | Figure S11, p. 16 | |||||||
| SP | 3 | 230 | REM | D-L | 89.60% (66.10–100.00) | <0.001 | 94.77 | ||
| NK-1R | 3 | 230 | REM | D-L | 43.92% (1.33–93.97) | <0.001 | 98.75 | ||
| 4. Malignant tumors | |||||||||
| Malignant tumors by geographical area c | 0.007 d | Figure S12, p. 17 | |||||||
| Asian | 8 | 104 | REM | D-L | 12.04% (0.00–35.87) | <0.001 | 83.55 | ||
| Non-Asian | 15 | 455 | REM | D-L | 65.03% (34.63–90.69) | <0.001 | 96.81 | ||
| Malignant tumors by anatomical site c | <0.001 d | Figure S13, p. 18 | |||||||
| Larynx | 3 | 125 | REM | D-L | 67.80% (8.94–100.00) | <0.001 | 90.58 | ||
| Oral cavity | 2 | 173 | REM | D-L | 64.14% (56.80–71.17) | ── | ── | ||
| Salivary gland | 6 | 59 | REM | D-L | 3.84% (0.00–12.24) | 0.55 | 0.0 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 11 | 162 | REM | D-L | 63.25% (22.83–96.04) | <0.001 | 95.15 | ||
| Head and neck mixed | 1 | 4 | ── | ── | 62.50% (47.03–75.78) | ── | ── | ||
| Malignant tumors by histological type c | 0.16 d | Figure S14, p. 19 | |||||||
| Glandular | 17 | 221 | REM | D-L | 37.31% (12.70–65.25) | <0.001 | 92.71 | ||
| Squamous | 4 | 327 | REM | D-L | 74.83% (47.01–94.77) | <0.001 | 96.27 | ||
| Neuroendocrine | 2 | 11 | REM | D-L | 51.42% (19.04–83.29) | ── | ── | ||
| Malignant tumors by biomarker c | 0.02 d | Figure S15, p. 20 | |||||||
| SP | 18 | 441 | REM | D-L | 33.60% (9.13–62.90) | <0.001 | 96.57 | ||
| NK-1R | 5 | 118 | REM | D-L | 83.67% (51.40–100.00) | <0.001 | 84.57 | ||
Abbreviations: Stat., statistical; Wt, method of weighting; PP, pooled proportion; CI, confidence intervals; REM, random-effects model; D-L, DerSimonian and Laird method; OLP, oral lichen planus; ANTE-OSCC, adjacent non-tumor epithelium to oral squamous cell carcinoma; ANTE-LSCC, djacent non-tumor epithelium to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. * More than one type of tumor was analyzed per study and considered separately. a—More information in the Supplementary Materials; b—Proportion meta-analyses; c—Proportion meta-analyses (Subgroup analyses); d—Test for between-subgroup differences.