Table 4.
Serum biomarkers and anthropometry changes—NAFLD subgroup (KD n = 7; LFD n = 5).
| Timepoint | 3 × 2 ANOVA Effects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Diet | WK0 | WK6 | Time | Group | Group* Time |
||||
| Serum Biomarkers | ||||||||||
| AST (U/L) | KD | 21.4 | ± | 1.60 | 17.9 | ± | 1.87 | 0.10 | 0.024 * | 0.71 |
| LFD | 27.6 | ± | 2.16 | 22.8 | ± | 1.93 | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | KD | 34.3 | ± | 4.68 | 24.0 | ± | 2.96 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.55 |
| LFD | 40.4 | ± | 6.95 | 25.4 | ± | 2.93 | ||||
| AST/ALT Ratio | KD | 0.70 | ± | 0.12 | 0.77 | ± | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.45 |
| LFD | 0.73 | ± | 0.08 | 0.93 | ± | 0.11 | ||||
| HOMA-IR | KD | 4.56 | ± | 0.90 | 1.48 | ± | 0.54 | 0.03 * | 0.94 | 0.21 |
| LFD | 3.45 | ± | 1.06 | 2.46 | ± | 0.64 | ||||
| Bilirubin (U/L) | KD | 0.51 | ± | 0.06 | 0.49 | ± | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| LFD | 0.64 | ± | 0.07 | 0.98 | ± | 0.25 | ||||
| ALP (U/L) | KD | 61.4 | ± | 6.1 | 52.3 | ± | 3.60 | 0.01 * | 0.25 | 0.98 |
| LFD | 76.6 | ± | 10.0 | 66.6 | ± | 10.7 | ||||
| Albumin (mg/dL) | KD | 4.44 | ± | 0.12 | 4.53 | ± | 0.07 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.86 |
| LFD | 4.64 | ± | 0.18 | 4.70 | ± | 0.21 | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | KD | 97.3 | ± | 6.2 | 84.7 | ± | 2.81 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.21 |
| LFD | 84.8 | ± | 6.6 | 86.2 | ± | 3.34 | ||||
| Ketones (mmol/L BHB) | KD | 0.36 | ± | 0.12 | 1.59 | ± | 0.33 | 0.002 * | 0.02 * | 0.004 * |
| LFD | 0.09 | ± | 0.01 | 0.17 | ± | 0.02 | ||||
| HSI | KD | 37.9 | ± | 4.90 | 35.8 | ± | 3.50 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.07 |
| LFD | 37.8 | ± | 1.80 | 38.2 | ± | 0.02 | ||||
| Anthropometry | ||||||||||
| Weight (kg) | KD | 98.3 | ± | 3.6 | 89.9 | ± | 2.66 | <0.001 * | 0.78 | 0.10 |
| LFD | 94.4 | ± | 7.8 | 89.7 | ± | 8.84 | ||||
| DXA FM (kg) | KD | 75.1 | ± | 3.8 | 65.0 | ± | 3.48 | <0.001 * | 0.66 | 0.20 |
| LFD | 79.3 | ± | 8.2 | 71.8 | ± | 9.02 | ||||
| RMR (kcal/day) | KD | 2068 | ± | 111 | 1790 | ± | 119 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.39 |
| LFD | 1789 | ± | 132 | 1719 | ± | 140 | ||||
| RER (VCO2/VO2) | KD | 0.85 | ± | 0.02 | 0.76 | ± | 0.01 | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | 0.03 * |
| LFD | 0.87 | ± | 0.02 | 0.85 | ± | 0.01 | ||||
Values reported as mean ± SEM. * = p < 0.05 (indicated in bold). DXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; RMR = resting metabolic rate; RER = respiratory exchange ratio.