Table 2.

Improvements to the properties of ceria nanoparticles and polymers by the development of ceria-polymeric composites.

Improvement of Ceria Nanoparticles’ Properties
Physical, chemical	Decreased CeNPs solubility and free Ce-ions leakage; Local concentration control; Surface charge control; Stimuli-related release control; Tunable microenvironment for anti/prooxidant activity control.
Biomedical	Decreased toxicity:  Decreasing Ce-ions’ toxicity;  Reducing phagocytosis;  Preventing cell membrane damage. Easy-to-remove materials; Impaired clearance.
Improvement of polymer properties
Physical	Tunable mechanical, thermal and electric properties; UV-resistance, UV-protection and shielding; Radiodensity/radiopacity; Roughness and surface energy control; Wettability, swelling and solubility control; Porosity and permeability control (liquids, gases, water vapors).
Chemical, biochemical	Enhanced chemical resistance, decreased erosion/corrosion, prolonged durability; Antioxidant properties:  Free radicals scavenging;  ROS decomposition;  Oxygen buffering. Redox balance control; Enhanced biomolecules adhesion; Tunable scaffold mineralization; Mitigation of proinflammatory cytokines level.
Biomedical	Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and tissue repair; Faster healing rate; Better biocompatibility; Decreased inflammation; Decreased foreign body reactions and rejections; Bactericide/bacteriostatic, fungicide, virucide activity; Enhanced implants visualization (radiocontrast); Biodegradability control.