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. 2021 Mar 17;22(6):3060. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063060

Table 1.

Impacts of mutations in S glycoprotein in circulating SARS-CoV-2.

Mutation S Region Potential Effects % of All Sequences
(n = 498,134)		 % of Mutation in Geographical Regions Ref.
ΔH69/V70 S1 NTD

  • Usually co-occurs with other RBD mutations.

  • Enhance the infectivity and compensate the decrease of infectivity due to emerge of RBD immune escape mutations, such as D796H.

 17.3 (n = 86,033)

  • Asia (0.6)

  • Europe (97.5)

  • North America (1.6)

  • South America (<0.1)

  • Africa (0.1)

  • Oceania (0.1)

 [56,57]
ΔY144 S1 NTD

  • Loss of binding ability with neutralizing antibodies.

 15.3 (n = 76,387)

  • Asia (0.6)

  • Europe (97.8)

  • North America (1.3)

  • South America (<0.1)

  • Africa (0.2)

  • Oceania (0.1)

 [75,76]
ΔL242/244 S1 NTD

  • Loss of binding ability with neutralizing antibodies.

 0.2 (n = 1049)

  • Asia (2.3)

  • Europe (25.2)

  • North America (1.1)

  • Africa (70.3)

  • Oceania (1.1)

 [75,76]
N331Q RBD

  • Disrupt N-glycosylation site.

  • Strong decrease infectivity.

 NA NA [54,74]
N343Q RBD

  • Disrupt N-glycosylation site.

  • Strong decrease infectivity.

 NA NA [54,74]
E406W RBD

  • Immune escape the neutralization by REGN-COV2 cocktail (REGN10987+ REGN10933).

 NA NA [77]
K417N/T/V RBD

  • Immune escape the neutralization by several monoclonal antibodies (included LY-CoV016 and others).

  • Decrease binding with ACE2.

 0.3 (n = 1373)

  • Asia (1.9)

  • Europe (29.9)

  • North America (1.1)

  • South America (7.6)

  • Africa (58.3)

  • Oceania (1.2)

 [52,77]
N439K RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (REGN10987 and others) and human convalescent sera.

  • Enhance the binding with ACE2 through new forms a salt bridge with ACE2.

 2.3 (n = 11,396)

  • Asia (1.1)

  • Europe (98.1)

  • North America (0.6)

  • South America (<0.1)

  • Africa (<0.1)

  • Oceania (0.2)

 [52,54,77]
N440D/K RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (REGN10987 and others).

 <0.1 (n = 3)

  • Europe (66.7)

  • North America (33.3)

 [52,77]
K444E/N RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 32)

  • Asia (3.1)

  • Europe (25)

  • North America (68.8)

  • Oceania (3.1)

 [78]
G446D/V RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 151)

  • Asia (2.6)

  • Europe (72.2)

  • North America (20.5)

  • South America (1.3)

  • Oceania (3.3)

 [54,78]
N450K/Y/D RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 47)

  • Asia (2.1)

  • Europe (74.5)

  • North America (21.3)

  • Africa (2.1)

 [78]
L452R RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

  • Enhance the infectivity.

 0.7 (n = 3722)

  • Asia (2.2)

  • Europe (13)

  • North America (82.4)

  • South America (0.2)

  • Africa (1.7)

  • Oceania (0.5)

 [54,65,78]
Y453F RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by several monoclonal antibodies (REGN10933) and human convalescent sera.

 0.2 (n = 1032)

  • Europe (97)

  • North America (2.7)

  • Africa (0.3)

 [77]
A475V RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by several monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 118)

  • Asia (0.8)

  • Europe (78)

  • North America (16.1)

  • South America (0.8)

  • Africa (1.7)

  • Oceania (2.5)

 [52,54]
G476S RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (H014).

 <0.1 (n = 56)

  • Asia (7.1)

  • Europe (55.4)

  • North America (35.7)

  • South America (1.8)

 [54]
S477N RBM

  • Broadly resistance to monoclonal antibodies, whereas sensitive to human convalescent sera.

  • Enhance the binding with ACE2.

 5.2 (n = 25,970)

  • Asia (0.2)

  • Europe (60)

  • North America (1.3)

  • South America (0.3)

  • Africa (0.7)

  • Oceania (37.5)

 [58,78]
T478I RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 142)

  • Europe (93)

  • North America (5.6)

  • Africa (1.4)

 [54,78]
P479S RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies.

 <0.1 (n = 175)

  • Asia (2.3)

  • Europe (87.4)

  • North America (9.7)

  • South America (0.6)

 [78]
E484K RBM

  • Broadly Immune escape the neutralization by antibodies and human convalescent sera.

  • Enhance the binding with ACE2.

 0.5 (n = 2483)

  • Asia (2.2)

  • Europe (30.8)

  • North America (17.8)

  • South America (14.5)

  • Africa (33.8)

  • Oceania (0.8)

 [52,62,76,78]
F486L RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (REGN10933, 2B04, and 1B07).

 <0.1 (n = 17)

  • Europe (82.4)

  • North America (17.6)

 [77,78]
Y489H RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (REGN10933).

 <0.1 (n = 4)

  • Europe (50)

  • North America (50)

 [77]
Q493K RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (REGN10933).

 <0.1 (n = 6)

  • Europe (33.3)

  • North America (66.7)

 [77]
P499L RBM

  • Immune escape the neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera.

 <0.1 (n = 3)

  • Europe (33.3)

  • North America (33.3)

  • South America (33.3)

 [78]
N501Y RBM

  • Enhance binding with ACE2 through new forms of hydrogen bond and open conformation of RBD.

 16 (n = 79,510)

  • Asia (0.6)

  • Europe (96.8)

  • North America (1.1)

  • South America (0.2)

  • Africa (1.2)

  • Oceania (0.2)

 [52,56,58,67]
D614G S1 CTD

  • Enhance infectivity through changes to RBD structure, S1/S2 subunit interaction, viral entry, and immune response.

 Predominant circulating worldwide

  • Predominant circulating worldwide

 [45,47,48,49,50,51,52,54]
P681H S2

  • Potential affect the furin processes and fusion.

 16.5 (n = 81,974)

  • Asia (0.8)

  • Europe (94)

  • North America (4.8)

  • South America (<0.1)

  • Africa (0.2)

  • Oceania (0.2)

 [79]
D796H S2

  • Co-occurring with ΔH69/V70 in immunocompromised patients with chronic infection treatment.

  • Decrease infectivity.

  • Reduction in susceptibility to non-RBD specific antibodies.

 <0.1 (n = 115)

  • Asia (1.7)

  • Europe (81.7)

  • Africa (5.2)

 [57]
V1176F S2

  • Associates with COVID-19 patient mortality and may enhance the flexibility of stalk domain of S glycoprotein.

 0.4 (n = 1,886)

  • Asia (1.7)

  • Europe (18.1)

  • North America (17.3)

  • South America (61.3)

  • Africa (0.6)

  • Oceania (0.8)

 [72,73]

A total of 498,134 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database (https://www.gisaid.org/, accessed on 16 February 2021), from 1 January 2020 to 16 February 2021, were analyzed to determine the percentage of mutations in different geographical regions. RBD, receptor binding domain; RBM, receptor binding motif; NTD: N-terminal domain; NA: not available.