Table 3.

Summary of factors and mental health difficulties associated with school safety.

Factors	Studies, n	Factors	Relation	Studies
Sex	18	Being a boy	−	[31,34,38,45,46,47]
		Being a girl	−	[39,42,48,49,50]
		Sexual minority	−	[22,33,34,51]
		No association		[32,35,68]
Race/Ethnicity	11	Non-white	−	[34,35,39,43,45,48,49,50]
		American versus Chinese	−	[52]
		Arab versus Jewish	−	[47]
		No association		[31]
Age	7	Older age	−	[38,49,52,53]
		Younger age	−	[42,47,48]
Socioeconomic status	2	Low socioeconomic status	−	[38,49]
Mental health difficulties	10	Depression	−	[45,54,55,56]
		Suicidal ideation and attempts	−	[55,56,57,58,59]
		Self-harm	−	[32,59]
		Posttraumatic stress disorder	−	[60]
		Posttraumatic growth	−	[60]
		Mental health problems (SDQ)	−	[61]
Victimization	20	Bullying	−	[31,35,45,49,53,62,63,66,68,69,70]
		Youth violence	−	[31,39,44,49,50,70]
		Emotional or psychological violence and witnessing violence	−	[45,47,49,56,70,71]
		Intimate partner violence	−	[37]
		Sexual violence	−	[57]
		Teacher-to-student victimization	−	[72]
Academic achievement	5	Low academic achievement	−	[40,42,50,55,64]
Security measures	5	Security measures use	−	[47,48,49,50]
		Security officer present	+	[43,48]
School rule enforcement	4	Communicated, fair rules	+	[31,38,50]
		No association	−	[42]
School size	2	Larger school size	+	[42]
		Larger class size		[50]
School climate	2	Better school climate	+	[44,47]
Teacher relationship	4	Teacher care	+	[38,44]
		Trust in teacher	+	[65]
		Teacher unfair	−	[66]
Family relationship	3	Family cohesion and intactness	+	[39,42]
		Discussing school activities with parents	+	[38]
Peer relationship	2	Having close friends	+	[39]
		Making friends easily	+	[38]
Substance	5	Drugs	−	[31,39,44]
		Alcohol	−	[44,45,55]
		Cigarettes	−	[38,55]
Weapon	4	Carrying weapons	−	[36,62]
		Seeing weapons carried	−	[38,44]
Parental school involvement	1	No association		[38]
Neighborhood	3	Safe neighborhood environment	+	[42,47,50]
Truant	1	Playing truant	−	[31]
Weight-related health behaviors	1	More physical activity	+	[51]
		More participation in physical education	+	[51]
			−	[51]
		Unhealthy eating habits	−	[42]
Delinquency	1	Higher rates of expulsion and suspension	−	[41]
Sleeping	1	Insufficient sleep	+	[42]
Religion	1	Being baptized	+	[46]
Sexual debut	1	Older sexual debut	−	[39]
Curricular differentiation	1	School’s curricular differentiation	+	[39,42]
Language proficiency	1	Lack of English proficiency	−	[65]
Student identification	1	Student identifies with school	+	[42]
Feeling home	1	Not feeling home in the country	−	[42]

Note: (−) = associated with feeling unsafe, (+) = associated with feeling safe.