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A schematic representation illustrating the regulation of muscle protein synthesis and degradation with the contribution of chronic liver disease to sarcopenia. AKT, protein kinase B; FOXO, Forkhead box O; GCN2, general control non-depressed 2; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin growth factor-1; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; UPP, ubiquitin–proteasome pathway.
