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Mechanisms of action for biologics and small molecules used in ulcerative colitis. α4β7 = alpha-4 beta-7 integrin; αeβ7 = alpha-e beta-7 integrin; IL = interleukin; Jak = Janus kinase; MAdCAM-1 = mucosal vascular addressing cell adhesion molecule-1; s1p1 = sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; Stat = signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNF = tumour necrosis factor.
