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. 2021 Mar 18;11(3):771. doi: 10.3390/nano11030771

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biochemical parameters of the shoots of watered (light blue bars) or drought (light green bars) maize plants grown at different conditions (Ctl—no addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, no bacterial inoculation; R—no addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, inoculation with Rhizobium strain E20-8; GO—addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, no bacterial inoculation; R + GO—addition of graphene oxide nanosheets and inoculation with Rhizobium strain E20-8). (a) Soluble carbohydrates (CH); (b) insoluble carbohydrates; (c) proline; (d) chlorophyll a; (e) chlorophyll b; (f) carotenoids; (g) protein; (h) electron transport system (ETS) activity; (i) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (j) lipid peroxidation (LPO); (k) principal coordinates ordination of biochemical parameters in watered and drought plants at different conditions (Ctl, R, GO and R + GO). Values are means of three replicates + standard error. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among conditions in watered plants, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among conditions in drought plants, and asterisks indicate significant differences between drought and watered plants for the same condition.

Biochemical parameters of the shoots of watered (light blue bars) or drought (light green bars) maize plants grown at different conditions (Ctl—no addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, no bacterial inoculation; R—no addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, inoculation with Rhizobium strain E20-8; GO—addition of graphene oxide nanosheets, no bacterial inoculation; R + GO—addition of graphene oxide nanosheets and inoculation with Rhizobium strain E20-8). (a) Soluble carbohydrates (CH); (b) insoluble carbohydrates; (c) proline; (d) chlorophyll a; (e) chlorophyll b; (f) carotenoids; (g) protein; (h) electron transport system (ETS) activity; (i) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (j) lipid peroxidation (LPO); (k) principal coordinates ordination of biochemical parameters in watered and drought plants at different conditions (Ctl, R, GO and R + GO). Values are means of three replicates + standard error. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among conditions in watered plants, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among conditions in drought plants, and asterisks indicate significant differences between drought and watered plants for the same condition.