Table 2.
Associations between two measures of FV intake and skin carotenoids among children (n = 177).
| Unadjusted Model | Field-Based Model | Research-Setting Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| Log NCI FV cups | 2265.7 | 1737.3 | 1067.4 | 1673.9 | 1198.7 | 1679.4 |
| Age (years) | −1111.2 ** | 340.3 | −1042.6 ** | 341.7 | ||
| White (ref) | ||||||
| Black/African-American | −1435.0 | 4000.0 | −1741.6 | 3991.0 | ||
| Multi-racial/other | 1341.7 | 2581.4 | 796.3 | 2575.3 | ||
| Hispanic | −3360.0 | 4675.7 | −2725.3 | 4660.5 | ||
| New York (ref) | ||||||
| North Carolina | −11,660.8 ** | 3520.3 | −11,944.6 *** | 3529.6 | ||
| Vermont | −2295.6 | 2437.0 | −2817.0 | 2427.5 | ||
| Washington | −5710.1 * | 2593.8 | −6236.6 * | 2616.5 | ||
| Smoker(s) in household | −930.7 | 2659.5 | −1139.4 | 2639.2 | ||
| BMI-for-age (percentile) | −31.0 | 33.4 | ||||
| Total energy (%EER) | 10.6 | 29.9 | ||||
| Daily fat intake (%kcal) | 356.9 * | 156.3 | ||||
| R 2 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.19 | |||
| R2 change | 0.15 *** | 0.03 | ||||
| Log 24H FV cups | 8016.0 ** | 2612.3 | 7458.7 ** | 2510.9 | 9637.6 *** | 2697.1 |
| Age (years) | −1096.4 ** | 331.3 | −1072.7 ** | 328.8 | ||
| White (ref) | ||||||
| Black/African-American | −1546.4 | 3890.4 | −2028.0 | 3842.0 | ||
| Multi-racial/other | 51.1 | 2553.9 | −820.0 | 2522.1 | ||
| Hispanic | −4089.0 | 4546.2 | −3405.3 | 4472.9 | ||
| New York (ref) | ||||||
| North Carolina | −11,104.0 ** | 3434.5 | −12,005.4 *** | 3399.4 | ||
| Vermont | −2578.0 | 2379.7 | −3113.0 | 2343.1 | ||
| Washington | −6382.2 * | 2525.3 | −7049.3 ** | 2513.8 | ||
| Smoker(s) in household | −824.3 | 2589.1 | −933.0 | 2541.1 | ||
| BMI-for-age (percentile) | −20.7 | 32.2 | ||||
| Total energy (%EER) | −27.0 | 30.8 | ||||
| Daily fat intake (%kcal) | 486.8 ** | 155.2 | ||||
| R 2 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.25 | |||
| R2 change | 0.15 *** | 0.05 * | ||||
NCI FV cups, National Cancer Institute’s All-Day Fruit and Vegetable Screener cup equivalents; BMI, body mass index; EER, estimated energy requirement; kcal, kilocalories; 24H FV cups, mean 24 h recall fruit and vegetable cup equivalents. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Each model was run using multiple linear regression and controlled for each covariate with an estimate presented.