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. 2021 Mar 18;10(3):575. doi: 10.3390/plants10030575

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Symptoms in Nicotiana plants infected with PSTVd. (A) At 8 weeks post-inoculation (wpi), stunting, leaf miniaturization, and poor growth were observed in PSTVd-infected N. rustica plants and were more severe during PSTVd-AS1 infection. (B) At 3 wpi, N. occidentalis plants inoculated with 5 μg RNA per plant clearly exhibited disease symptoms only after inoculation with PSTVd-AS1. (C) At 3 wpi, N. occidentalis plants inoculated with 10 μg RNA per plant exhibited stunting even by inoculation with PSTVd-Int. (D–G) N. occidetalis plants infected with PSTVd-AS1 exhibited disease symptoms such as leaf curling, rugose, and vein/stem necrosis in addition to stunting. (D) Rugose and leaf curling at 7 wpi. (E) Leaf rugose at 3 wpi. (F) Vein necrosis at 3 wpi (indicated with a red arrow). (G) Stem necrosis at 4 wpi (indicated with a red arrow).