Table 1.
Fermented soy products and phytochemicals.
| Fermented Soy Products | Phytochemicals | Biological Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cheonggukjang (natto) | Free isoflavones, levan, γPGA, natto kinase, vitamin K | Antioxidant, anti-hypertension, fibrinolysis, bone health | [29,30,31] |
| Doenjang (miso) | Free isoflavones, non-DDMP-conjugated soyasaponins (I, III, Be), peptides, amino acids, MRPs, kojic acid | Antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-tumorigenic, anti-hypertension, anti-sarcopenia, skin whitening, immune modulation, sympathetic nerve activity, anti-diabetic activity | [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] |
| Ganjang | Amino acids, peptides, MRPs, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline and 1-methyl-β-carboline | Anti-platelet activity, anti-allergenicity, anti-hypertension | [34,44,45,46,47] |
| Douchi | Subtilisin DFE, isoflavones, peptides | Antioxidant, fibrinolysis, α-amylase inhibition, ACE inhibition, anti-acetylcholine esterase | [20,48,49,50,51] |
| Tempeh | 6,7,4’-trihydroxyisoflavone, isoflavones, peptides | Antioxidant, cognitive improvement, BACE1 inhibition, | [52,53,54] |
| Gochujang | Capsaicin, free isoflavones | Antioxidant, anti-obesity | [55,56,57] |
| Fermented soymilk | Free isoflavones, water-soluble vitamins (B2, B6, folate, and B12), vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) | Antioxidant, anti-obesity, increased mineral bioavailability, anti-mutagenic, hypocholesterolemic effects | [58,59,60,61,62,63] |
γPGA, gamma-polyglutamate; MRPs, Maillard reaction products, DDMP, 2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.