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. 2021 Mar 18;13(3):223. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030223

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of increased tissue factor (TF) expression and TF-induced thrombosis. IS, indoxyl sulfate; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; KYN, kynurenine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; ECs, endothelial cells; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; TF-FVIIa complex, tissue factor-factor VIIa complex.