Table 1.

Substrates promoting high pigment yield from various microbes are alone detailed herein for further biotechnological applications.

Organism	Substrate	Pigment	Maximum Pigment Yield	Reference
Bacteria
S. marcescens	Peanut seed broth	Prodigiosin	38.75 mg/mL	[173]
S. marcescens	Cassava waste	Prodigiosin	49.50 mg/mL	[176]
S. marcescens	Tannery fleshing	Prodigiosin	33 mg/mL	[178]
S. marcescens	Ram horn peptone	Prodigiosin	27.77 mg/mL	[179]
S. marcescens	Kitchen waste	Prodigiosin	22.3 mg/mL	[180]
S. marcescens	Bagasse	Prodigiosin	40.86 g kg−1	[183]
S. marcescens	Sunflower oil	Undecylprodigiosin	7.90 mg/mL	[174]
Chromobacterium violaceum	Liquid pineapple waste	Violacein	57.90 mg/mL	[185,186]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Cotton seed meal	Pyocyanin	9.2 μg/mL	[187]
Fungi
M. purpureus	Jackfruit seed	Monascus	10.2 OD/g	[189]
M. purpureus	Grape waste	Monascus	20–22.5 g/L	[191]
M. purpureus	Corn meal	Monascus	129.63 U/g	[192]
M. purpureus	Corn cob	Monascus	25.42 OD/g	[193]
M. purpureus	Brewery’s spent grain	Monascus	16.75 UA500	[201]
Yeast
Rhodotorula rubra	Peat extract	β-Carotene	1256 μg g−1	[202]
Rhodotorula glutinis	Grape must	Carotenoid	915.4 μg g−1	[204]
Rh. glutinis	Molasses	Carotenoid	185 mg L−1	[206]
Rh. glutinis	Chicken feather peptone	Carotenoid	92 mg L−1	[215]
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous	Grape juice	Astaxanthin	9.8 μg mL−1	[203]
X. dendrorhous	Mustard waste	Astaxanthin	25.8 mg L−1	[213]
X. dendrorhous	Molasses	Carotenoid	40 mg L−1	[205]
X. dendrorhous	Coconut milk	Astaxanthin	850 μg g−1	[210]

UA: Absorbance units; OD: Optical density.