Table 1.
Concentration of illicit drugs, neuropsychiatric drugs, and their metabolites (ng/L) in a centralized wastewater treatment plant, immediate connecting creek, and a receiving river in a community in the Midwestern United States.
| Analytes | Mean concentration ± StDev in WWTP |
Mean concentration ± StDev in surface water |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influent | Effluent | Bee Creek | Clarks River upstream | Clarks River downstream | |
| Stimulants | |||||
| Cocaine (CCN) | 110 ± 34.8 | 19.4 ± 12.6 | 3.40 ± 0.8 | 2.50 ± 0.2 | <LOQ |
| Benzoylecgonine (BEG) | 424 ± 120 | 31.5 ± 14.5 | 14.2 ± 10.0 | 2.40 ± 0.1 | 6.30 ± 1.4 |
| Norcocaine (NCCN) | <LOQ | 12.7 ± 16.3 | 3.70 ± 1.0 | 4.40 ± 0.9 | 3.90 ± 0.7 |
| Amphetamine (APT) | 337 ± 30.7 | 21.8 ± 18.1 | 5.10 ± 2.6 | 2.50 ± 0.2 | <LOQ |
| Methamphetamine (MAPT) | 700 ± 157 | 125 ± 32.8 | 86.4 ± 64.3 | 2.70 ± 0.3 | 25.7 ± 11.5 |
| Opioids/narcotics | |||||
| Morphine (MPH) | 91.5 ± 13.2 | 43.0 ± 39.3 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Methadone (MTD) | 36.4 ± 5.7 | 25.2 ± 12.6 | 17.8 ± 2.3 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.6 |
| Hallucinogens | |||||
| MDMA | <LOQ | <LOQ | 6.1 ± 0.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| MDA | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| THC | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| THCA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| THC-OH | 718 ± 290 | <LOQ | 339 ± 403 | 97.8 ± 54.8 | 51.6 ± 20.1 |
| Antischizophrenics | |||||
| Aripiprazole (APPZ) | ND | <LOQ | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 8.3 ± 4.3 | 7.0 ± 2.9 |
| Quetiapine (QTP) | 41.9 ± 7.4 | 13.3 ± 15.6 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Sedatives-hypnotics-anxiolytics | |||||
| Lorazepam (LZP) | 30.4 ± 6.0 | 28.1 ± 11.5 | 15.8 ± 3.9 | ND | ND |
| Alprazolam (APZ) | 8.30 ± 2.4 | 11.6 ± 9.9 | 6.10 ± 2.4 | <LOQ | 2.40 ± 0.8 |
| Diazepam (DZP) | 4.80 ± 0.3 | 15.0 ± 15.2 | 6.10 ± 1.9 | 2.60 ± 0.2 | 3.00 ± 0.2 |
| Oxazepam (OXZ) | 54.1 ± 6.3 | 59.7 ± 12.5 | 34.5 ± 8.4 | <LOQ | 22.5 ± 4.5 |
| Temazepam (TMZ) | 89.4 ± 10.4 | 87.2 ± 11.9 | 60.9 ± 22.2 | 3.40 ± 1.0 | 28.7 ± 9.4 |
| Carbamazepine (CBZ) | 99.1 ± 26.0 | 99.7 ± 15.5 | 63.1 ± 24.6 | 3.80 ± 0.5 | 33.8 ± 13.6 |
| Antidepressants | |||||
| Sertraline (SRT) | 54.9 ± 19.7 | 24.5 ± 14.7 | 24.2 ± 10.2 | 6.10 ± 1.1 | 3.80 ± 1.5 |
| Fluoxetine (FLX) | 31.5 ± 10.5 | 13.4 ± 11.8 | 9.60 ± 2.9 | 3.50 ± 0.9 | <LOQ |
| Venlafaxine (VNF) | 350 ± 56.3 | 362 ± 21.6 | 243 ± 97.3 | 2.60 ± 0.6 | 84.5 ± 28.5 |
| Citalopram (CTP) | 278 ± 50.7 | 144 ± 16.1 | 95.1 ± 43.5 | 3.80 ± 0.0 | 4.90 ± 1.2 |
| Methylphenidate (MPD) | 10.7 ± 2.7 | <LOQ | 3.90 ± 1.2 | 2.70 ± 0.4 | <LOQ |
| Prescribed opioids | |||||
| Codeine (CDN) | 148 ± 53.4 | 27.9 ± 26.8 | 34.4 ± 11.5 | <LOQ | 4.20 ± 0.3 |
| Fentanyl (FNT) | 1.60 ± 0.1 | 19.9 ± 26.1 | 1.40 ± 0.6 | 1.50 ± 0.5 | <LOQ |
| Oxycodone (OCD) | 72.2 ± 22.6 | 38.1 ± 16.8 | 27.0 ± 8.6 | 2.90 ± 2.1 | 10.3 ± 2.0 |
| Hydrocodone (HCD) | 147 ± 34.2 | 107 ± 27.0 | 126 ± 57.5 | 5.00 ± 0.6 | 26.2 ± 10.1 |
| Hydromorphone (HMP) | 42.4 ± 7.6 | 21.8 ± 22.7 | 9.10 ± 3.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Buprenorphine (BPN) | 13.9 ± 2.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
ND: non-detects; <LOQ: less than limit of quantitation.