Table 2.
Mass loading of illicit drugs, neuropsychiatric drugs, and their metabolites (mg/d) into the WWTP, their community usage, and environmental emission in the Midwestern United States.
| Analytes | Mass loading (mg/d) | Per-capita consumption rate (mg/d/1000 people) | Per-capita emission via effluent (mg/d/1000 people) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stimulants | |||
| Cocaine (CCN) | 2250 ± 1630 | 938 ± 706a | 25.9 ± 28.2 |
| Benzoylecgonine (BEG) | 8040 ± 6050 | N/A | 30.4 ± 23.1 |
| Norcocaine (NCCN) | 244 | N/A | 18.9 ± 32.8 |
| Amphetamine (APT) | 5800 ± 2730 | 967 ± 455 | 20.7 ± 27.1 |
| Methamphetamine (MAPT) | 14,900 ± 10,200 | 1740 ± 1190 | 111 ± 43.6 |
| Opioids/narcotics | |||
| Morphine (MPH) | 1170 ± 667 | 1780 ± 1020 | 71.5 ± 85.0 |
| Methadone (MTD) | 733 ± 459 | 131 ± 81.9 | 27.7 ± 31.7 |
| Hallucinogens | |||
| THC-OH | 11,300 ± 35,000 | 26,900 ± 8310b | 100 |
| Antischizophrenics | |||
| Quetiapine (QTP) | 789 ± 481 | 39.4 ± 24.1 | 20.1 ± 32.1 |
| Sedatives-hypnotics-anxiolytics | |||
| Lorazepam (LZP) | 437 ± 73.3 | 21.9 ± 3.67 | 29.7 ± 30.9 |
| Alprazolam (APZ) | 158 ± 109 | 7.92 ± 5.47 | 14.2 ± 21.5 |
| Diazepam (DZP) | 122 ± 62 | 6.09 ± 3.08 | 21.6 ± 32.4 |
| Oxazepam (OXZ) | 1070 ± 579 | 53.7 ± 29.0 | 59.4 ± 46.2 |
| Temazepam (TMZ) | 1800 ± 1060 | 89.8 ± 53.1 | 83.9 ± 54.6 |
| Carbamazepine (CBZ) | 1940 ± 1470 | 97.0 ± 73.4 | 97.0 ± 67.1 |
| Antidepressants | |||
| Sertraline (SRT) | 1120 ± 1040 | 56.2 ± 51.9 | 27.6 ± 34.5 |
| Fluoxetine (FLX) | 670 ± 583 | 33.5 ± 29.2 | 16.5 ± 25.3 |
| Venlafaxine (VNF) | 7010 ± 4260 | 351 ± 213 | 333 ± 160 |
| Citalopram (CTP) | 5260 ± 3300 | 263 ± 165 | 132 ± 60.2 |
| methylphenidate (MPD) | 194 ± 93 | 9.70 ± 4.63 | 72.1 |
| Prescribed opioids | |||
| Codeine (CDN) | 2800 ± 2550 | 140 ± 127 | 35.1 ± 56.6 |
| Fentanyl (FNT) | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 1.27 ± 0.10 | 36.1 ± 49.7 |
| Oxycodone (OCD) | 1250 ± 767 | 62.7 ± 38.4 | 40.7 ± 43.2 |
| Hydrocodone (HCD) | 2580 ± 1730 | 129 ± 86.3 | 108 ± 90.1 |
| Hydromorphone (HMP) | 656 ± 411 | 32.8 ± 20.5 | 31.7 ± 48.0 |
| Buprenorphine (BPN) | 257 ± 178 | 12.8 ± 8.92 | 91.0 |
a
Concentration of benzoylecgonine was used to determine the consumption rate of cocaine.
b
Is the consumption rate of THC that was determined based on the concentration of THC-OH. The correction factors for the percentage excretion rates from human body were taken from Postigo et al. (2008) as benzoylecgonine (45%), amphetamine (30%), methamphetamine (43%), morphine (4.2%), methadone (28%), and THCOH (2%).