Table 5.

Odds ratios for abnormal serum hepatic enzyme levels across quartiles of major dietary patterns (n = 15,005) ¹.

Models of Dietary Patterns	Major Dietary Patterns				p-Trend
	OR (95% CI)
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Abnormal Serum ALT
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	1.10 (0.95–1.28)	1.16 (1.00–1.35)	1.38 (1.19–1.60)	<0.001 ***
Model 2	Ref	1.10 (0.94–1.28)	1.10 (0.94–1.28)	1.24 (1.06–1.45)	0.011 *
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	1.02 (0.88–1.17)	1.00 (0.86–1.16)	0.76
Model 2	Ref	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	1.02 (0.88–1.18)	1.04 (0.89–1.20)	0.44
Abnormal Serum AST
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	1.06 (0.91–1.23)	1.00 (0.86–1.16)	1.15 (0.99–1.34)	0.16
Model 2	Ref	1.05 (0.90–1.22)	0.96 (0.83–1.12)	1.08 (0.92–1.27)	0.56
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	0.98 (0.85–1.14)	1.01 (0.87–1.17)	0.76
Model 2	Ref	0.93 (0.80–1.09)	0.99 (0.85–1.15)	1.04 (0.89–1.21)	0.49
Abnormal Serum GGT
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	1.04 (0.87–1.23)	0.95 (0.79–1.13)	1.14 (0.96–1.37)	0.29
Model 2	Ref	1.02 (0.86–1.22)	0.89 (0.74–1.07)	1.06 (0.88–1.27)	0.9
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.81 (0.68–0.96)	0.879 (0.74–1.04)	0.88 (0.74–1.04)	0.24
Model 2	Ref	0.79 (0.67–0.95)	0.882 (0.74–1.05)	0.89 (0.75–1.07)	0.37

ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase. ¹ Data are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in the parentheses. Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 plus body mass index, waist circumference, components of dyslipidemia, and fasting plasma glucose. Among the quartiles, Q1 is the reference (Ref) group. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.