Table 7.

Odds ratios for abnormal serum hepatic enzyme levels across quartiles of major dietary patterns stratified by gender (n = 15,005) ¹.

Models of Dietary Patterns	Men (n = 5452)					Women (n = 9553)
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	p-Trend	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	p-Trend
Abnormal Serum ALT
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.99	0.97	1.03	0.78	Ref	1.11	1.19	1.42	0.001 **
		(0.77–1.26)	(0.76–1.23)	(0.81–1.30)			(0.92–1.35)	(0.97–1.45)	(1.15–1.74)
Model 2	Ref	0.95	0.93	0.96	0.82	Ref	1.12	1.14	1.28	0.03 *
		(0.74–1.24)	(0.72–1.19)	(0.75–1.24)			(0.92–1.36)	(0.93–1.40)	(1.04–1.59)
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.96	0.91	0.91	0.35	Ref	0.92	1.12	1.15	0.01 *
		(0.78–1.17)	(0.74–1.12)	(0.73–1.14)			(0.72–1.13)	(0.91–1.38)	(0.93–1.41)
Model 2	Ref	0.93	0.95	0.94	0.64	Ref	1.04	0.92	1.1	0.07
		(0.75–1.16)	(0.76–1.18)	(0.75–1.19)			(0.80–1.35)	(0.71–1.20)	(0.86–1.42)
Abnormal Serum AST
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.89	0.8	0.94	0.47	Ref	1.06	1.08	1.14	0.21
		(0.74–1.28)	(0.61–1.05)	(0.72–1.22)			(0.90–1.27)	(0.89–1.30)	(0.92–1.40)
Model 2	Ref	0.94	0.77	0.91	0.4	Ref	1.07	1.06	1.07	0.5
		(0.71–1.23)	(0.59–1.01)	(0.70–1.19)			(0.89–1.18)	(0.87–1.28)	(0.87–1.32)
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.98	0.97	0.94	0.62	Ref	0.9	1	1.06	0.34
		(0.78–1.23)	(0.77–1.23)	(0.73–1.20)			(0.74–1.09)	(0.82–1.22)	(0.88–1.29)
Model 2	Ref	0.97	0.99	0.97	0.86	Ref	0.91	1	1.09	0.24
		(0.77–1.23)	(0.78–1.26)	(0.76–1.25)			(0.71–1.11)	(0.82–1.22)	(0.90–1.33)
Abnormal Serum GGT
Western dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	1.1	1.03	1.14	0.53	Ref	1.01	0.9	1.13	0.61
		(0.79–1.54)	(0.75–1.42)	(0.83–1.56)			(0.82–1.24)	(0.72–1.12)	(0.90–1.42)
Model 2	Ref	1.06	0.98	1.11	0.59	Ref	1.01	0.85	1.03	0.75
		(0.76–1.50)	(0.15–1.37)	(0.80–1.54)			(0.82–1.24)	(0.68–1.07)	(0.82–1.31)
Mediterranean dietary pattern
Model 1	Ref	0.81	0.89	0.7	0.043*	Ref	0.8	0.87	0.99	0.89
		(0.63–1.06)	(0.69–1.17)	(0.52–0.94)			(0.65–0.99)	(0.69–1.08)	(0.79–1.22)
Model 2	Ref	0.79	0.87	0.72	0.048*	Ref	0.78	0.86	0.99	0.85
		(0.61–1.04)	(0.70–1.10)	(0.53–0.97)			(0.62–0.99)	(0.68–1.08)	(0.80–1.24)

ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase. ¹ Data are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals in the parentheses. Model 1: adjusted for age, marital status, education, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 plus body mass index, waist circumference, components of dyslipidemia, and fasting plasma glucose. Among the quartiles, Q1 is the reference (Ref) group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.