Long-term culture of human adult mesenchymal stem cells on silica star-shaped NPs and functionalized derivatives. (a–c) hBM-MSCs; (d–f) hASCs. (a,d) Proliferation rate. (b,e) Representative Western blotting bands of SOD1 expression in hBM-MSCs and hASCs at D7, and (c,f) densitometric analysis of Western blotting performed at each time point of culture. The results of each bar are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. p < 0.05 was considered significant. (g) Representative fluorescence images of Acridine Orange staining. Scale bar = 20 μm. (h,i) Quantification of the Acridine Orange staining (see method section for details). (h) hBM-MSCs; (i) hASCs. The results are reported as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. p < 0.05 was considered significant.